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Introduction

An enum in C# is a value type that is used to represent a set of fixed distinct values so that it can be used later in program logic. A very straightforward example of a classic enum declaration is given below: 

public enum Rating
{
    Awful = 1,
    Bad = 2,
    Medium = 3,
    Good = 4,
    Awesome = 5
}

The enum above describes a set of possible values that a variable of type Rating can assume. This way, we can use it in our code to implement any kind of logic in a type-safe way. For instance, if we have a Rating variable called userRating, we could use it like this:

if(userRating == Rating.Awesome)
{
    //Do something

}

If we try to cast an int that was not defined in the enum list, I would expect the runtime to throw an exception. However, the funny thing is that the line of code bellow will create a variable rating with the value 6. 

Rating rating = (Rating)6; //does not throw an exception

The way I see it, it is not a good thing, since our enum could be used improperly and we would only be able to validate it in another class. Besides that, sometimes it's useful to add some functionality to enums. The problem is that they have some limitations. Since it's not a class, it cannot be extended and its defined values are limited to a small set of primitive types (byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong). For instance, sometimes it is very convenient to get the list of enum values and display it in a combobox. Although there are some reflection techniques that let you define and retrieve descriptions for the enum items, you are always limited to a key and a value.

Solution

To overcome these limitations, we can use a regular class to represent an enum while keeping the same basic characteristics. Here's the code of the base class that we will use to implement the enhanced enums.

using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
public abstract class EnumBaseType<T> where T : EnumBaseType<T>
{
    protected static List<T> enumValues = new List<T>();

    public readonly int Key;
    public readonly string Value;

    public EnumBaseType(int key, string value)
    {
        Key = key;
        Value = value;
        enumValues.Add((T)this);
    }

    protected static ReadOnlyCollection<T> GetBaseValues()
    {
        return enumValues.AsReadOnly();
    }

    protected static T GetBaseByKey(int key)
    {
        foreach (T t in enumValues)
        {
            if(t.Key == key) return t;
        }
        return null;
    }
    
    public override string ToString()
    {
    return Value;
    }
}

Note that in this class we define a key and a value field. This corresponds to the classical enum implementation, but now we are not limited to a key and a value. If required, we can extend this class and add new fields to the structure. Here is the actual implementation of our enhanced Rating enum:

public class Rating : EnumBaseType<Rating>
{
    public static readonly Rating Awful = new Rating(1, "Awful");
    public static readonly Rating Bad = new Rating(2, "Bad");
    public static readonly Rating Medium = new Rating(3, "Medium");
    public static readonly Rating Good = new Rating(4, "Good");
    public static readonly Rating Awesome = new Rating(5, "Awesome");

    public Rating(int key, string value) : base(key, value)
    {
    }

public static ReadOnlyCollection<Rating> GetValues()
    {
        return GetBaseValues();
    }

    public static Rating GetByKey(int key)
    {
        return GetBaseByKey(key);
    }
}

Now it can be used as a regular enum in an if statement and can also iterate through the values defined in our class. Notice that, because they are static, we still need to explicitly implement the methods GetValues() and GetByKey() if we want to use them. Otherwise, the enumValues collection would be empty. 

foreach (Rating rating in Rating.GetValues())
{
    Console.Out.WriteLine("Key:{0} Value:{1}", rating.Key, rating.Value);

    if (rating == Rating.Awesome)
    {
        //Do something

    }
}

Now let's pretend we are using our Rating enum to rate movies on a website and we want to associate a "Must See" field to the rating, so that Good and Awesome movies display the "Must See" icon besides it. To do that, we have to add a new field to our Rating class. So now the Rating implementation is going to look like this:

public class Rating : EnumBaseType<Rating>
{
    public static readonly Rating Awful = new Rating(1, "Awful", false);
    public static readonly Rating Bad = new Rating(2, "Bad", false);
    public static readonly Rating Medium = new Rating(3, "Medium", false);
    public static readonly Rating Good = new Rating(4, "Good", true);
    public static readonly Rating Awesome = new Rating(5, "Awesome", true);

    public readonly bool MustSee;

    public Rating(int key, string value, bool mustSee) : base(key, value)
    {
        this.MustSee = mustSee;
    }

    public static ReadOnlyCollection<Rating> GetValues()
    {
        return GetBaseValues();
    }

    public static Rating GetByKey(int key)
    {
        return GetBaseByKey(key);
    }
}

Although we added new information to the Rating class, the clients using this enhanced enum will not be affected by this change. In addition, they will have the new MustSee field available.

foreach (Rating rating in Rating.GetValues())
{
    if (rating.MustSee)
    {
        Console.Out.WriteLine("This is a Must See movie!");
    }
}

Drawback

The only drawback of this approach is that the enhanced enum cannot be used in a switch statement, since its values are not constants. However, I still think it's worth using it when you need advanced functionality associated with your enums.

Conclusion

In this article, we saw how to use classes to simulate the behavior of enums while leveraging OOP techniques to enhance their capabilities. I hope, in the future, that the C# team includes some syntax sugar to allow the use of advanced enums without the need to write custom code and without the drawback concerning switch statements.

History

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GeneralExtend some more... Pin
dancerjohn		4:08 16 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: Extend some more... Pin
Cassio Alves		5:20 16 Oct '07  
GeneralSystem.Enum Pin
Rdunzl		16:17 14 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: System.Enum Pin
Cassio Alves		16:36 14 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: System.Enum [modified] Pin
Rdunzl		20:45 14 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: System.Enum Pin
Cassio Alves		4:22 15 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: System.Enum Pin
Rdunzl		21:12 15 Oct '07  
GeneralEnum statics Pin
Thomas Lykke Petersen		20:31 11 Oct '07  
GeneralGood idea, but ... Pin
Jakub Mller		23:04 10 Oct '07  
GeneralGood Job Pin
merlin981		4:49 10 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: Good Job Pin
Cassio Alves		5:55 10 Oct '07  
Generalbase methods can be published Pin
_SAM_		21:38 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: base methods can be published Pin
Cassio Alves		5:50 10 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: base methods can be published Pin
_SAM_		6:23 10 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: base methods can be published Pin
Cassio Alves		14:07 10 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: base methods can be published Pin
dancerjohn		4:20 16 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: base methods can be published Pin
Tim Schwallie		17:23 16 Oct '07  
GeneralHow about a Dictionary? Pin
PIEBALDconsult		17:28 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: How about a Dictionary? Pin
Cassio Alves		19:10 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: How about a Dictionary? Pin
PIEBALDconsult		14:33 10 Oct '07  
GeneralAlternative for enum descriptions Pin
Scott Dorman		15:23 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: Alternative for enum descriptions Pin
Cassio Alves		21:25 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: Alternative for enum descriptions Pin
Scott Dorman		4:38 10 Oct '07  
GeneralBad mix Pin
Todd Smith		10:14 9 Oct '07  
GeneralRe: Bad mix Pin
Cassio Alves		11:06 9 Oct '07  
Last Visit: 19:58 22 Nov '09     Last Update: 19:58 22 Nov '09 12 Next »


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