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Unlike traditional scaling of images, where every n'th pixel is sampled and copied to the result image, this template provides much more accurate image scaling features.
It takes a buffer of RGB values (as COLORREFs) and creates another buffer with new dimensions. The input / output buffers are sequential pixels (not compressed) compatible with the format used in 24-bit DIBs.
The template is instantiated with a specific filter. The filter determines the quality of the output image. Different basic filters are supplied with this template and additional filters can be easily added.
Major features:
- Provides professional quality image scaling.
- Code is optimized for image quality, not speed.
- Supports various image filters:
- Box filter.
- Bilinear filter.
- Gaussian filter.
- Hamming filter.
- Blackman filter.
- ...New filters can be easily added.
- Supports both magnification and minification.
- Does not force aspect ratio limitations. e.g. an image can be magnified horizontally and minified vertically.
- Supports 24-bit images. With little change can support other image formats / depths.
- Template based - no need for libraries, DLLs etc. No linkage problems.
How to use the scaling template:
Assuming you have a non-compressed true-color 24-bit DIB in memory (the bits array is pointed by m_pBits), where the original bitmap width is m_dwWidth and height is m_dwHeight.
Your code should look something like this: #include <2PassScale.h>
...
void CMyDIB::ScaleTo (DWORD dwNewWidth, DWORD dwNewHeight)
{
C2PassScale <CBilinearFilter> ScaleEngine;
COLORREF *pOldBitmap = m_pBits;
m_pBits = ScaleEngine.AllocAndScale(m_pBits,
m_dwWidth,
m_dwHeight,
dwNewWidth,
dwNewHeight
);
if (NULL == m_pBits)
{
}
m_dwWidth = dwNewWidth;
m_dwHeight = dwNewHeight;
delete pOldBitmap;
}
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Hello All,
I'm about to convert/modify the code to support 16-bit images as I am working on smartphones and smaller image sizes are important and most of the displays are only capable of 16 or 15-bit images anyway.
Anyone done it already?
Thanks, Kenny.
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This really is an excellent class. I just love the way you simplified the ability to add filters.
Now I wonder if you could help me. I am scaling a bitmap image before running through the pixels to create a window region. Ie, I am using a bitmap with a mask color to template my window. Now I want to add the ability for a window to be resized, the only way to do this is to resize my bitmap and create a new window region.
Trouble is, when I use this class, the output bits all have a slight color shift. To the naked eye this is nothing, but when scanning for a certain pixel color, it cannot be found.
I want to add an extra paramater, a COLOREF value, to the Scale() member function. Which in turn would leave this color untouched when found. But the source code is not very well commented, so I am have problems trying to determine where I could place the color check routine.
Hope you can help
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I am sorry I am not that interested in the article itself, but I want to talk about your problem.
Usually rotation/scaling will all involve interpolation. So that is why you are having the problem where a certain color shifts. However, you can solve most of your problem by choosing the nearest neighbour method to pick the destination value instead of 1st 2nd degree interpolations. This will probably apply somewhere in this particular article.
Try it out in Photoshop. create a test file rotate it by setting the preferences cubic, quad. and nearest neigh. See what happens.
If there are large blocks of the certain color, you will see that in those areas what I am talking about will be void and you will get your desired color regardless.
yalcin
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Wow, it's been a long time since I worked on this project.
I did try out the scaling and rotations in Photoimpact and noticed the 'undesired' behaviour also. When I worked on this project it was a neccessity to scan for an exact coloref and not a range. As it happens, I modified the class slightly to leave that color untouched. In most cases this would cause anti-aliasing problems and leave jagged edges, but for what I was working on it was not a problem.
Waldermort
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There is an interesting line in 2PassScale.h: if (iLeft < (int(uSrcSize) - 1 / 2)) wouldn't it same as if (iLeft < (int(uSrcSize) - 0)) ? Or maybe I don't get it...
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Below is the code for a modified version of C2PassScale that uses integer arithmetic to achieve a 3x-4x speed improvement. It also handles images with more than 3 colors (change PS_MAX_DEPTH if you plan on using more than 4 colors). It does _not_ currently handles images with other than 8 bits per channel. There were also some bug fixes that I have included.
It also now takes the size of a full scan line in bytes. By using this intelligently, it is possible to scale a sub-rectangle of an image into a full image, or into another sub rectangle.
Unfortunately, I had already made some windows specific modifications for my own use, and I am too busy to take them out. So if you are not running on a windows platform, you will need to take out the ASSERT lines, and change some of the data types.
[3-30-05] Added comments to Scale() and AllocAndScale() to clarify the parameters.
Hope this is useful, Jake Montgomery
=============== CODE BELOW ==================
#pragma once
#include <math.h>
#define BOUND(x,a,b) \ (((x) <= (a)) ? (a) : (((x) > (b)) ? (b) : (x)))
#define PS_MAX_DEPTH 4 // Based on Eran Yariv's TwoPassScale, modified for speed, bug fixes, and variable depths.
// Does 2 pass scaling of bitmaps // Template based, can use various methods for interpolation. // Could certainly be improved.
// to use: // C2PassScale <CBilinearFilter> ScaleEngine; // ScaleEngine.Scale ((UCHAR *)dibSrc.GetBits(), // A pointer to the source bitmap bits // depth, // The size of a single pixel in bytes (both source and scaled image) // dibSrc.Width(), // The width of a line of the source image to scale in pixels // dibSrc.WidthBytes(), // The width of a single line of the source image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) // dibSrc.Height(), // The height of the source image to scale in pixels. // (UCHAR *)GetBits(), // A pointer to a buffer to hold the ecaled image // Width(), // The desired width of a line of the scaled image in pixels // WidthBytes(), // The width of a single line of the scaled image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) // Height()); // The desired height of the scaled image in pixels. // or AllocAndScale()
// Modified 1-17-05 to use more integer math -- much faater. [JRM]
class CGenericFilter { public: CGenericFilter (double dWidth) : m_dWidth (dWidth) {} virtual ~CGenericFilter() {}
double GetWidth() { return m_dWidth; } void SetWidth (double dWidth) { m_dWidth = dWidth; }
virtual double Filter (double dVal) = 0;
protected:
#define FILTER_PI double (3.1415926535897932384626433832795) #define FILTER_2PI double (2.0 * 3.1415926535897932384626433832795) #define FILTER_4PI double (4.0 * 3.1415926535897932384626433832795)
double m_dWidth; };
class CBoxFilter : public CGenericFilter { public:
CBoxFilter (double dWidth = double(0.5)) : CGenericFilter(dWidth) {} virtual ~CBoxFilter() {}
double Filter (double dVal) { return (fabs(dVal) <= m_dWidth ? 1.0 : 0.0); } };
class CBilinearFilter : public CGenericFilter { public:
CBilinearFilter (double dWidth = double(1.0)) : CGenericFilter(dWidth) {} virtual ~CBilinearFilter() {}
double Filter (double dVal) { dVal = fabs(dVal); return (dVal < m_dWidth ? m_dWidth - dVal : 0.0); } };
class CGaussianFilter : public CGenericFilter { public:
CGaussianFilter (double dWidth = double(3.0)) : CGenericFilter(dWidth) {} virtual ~CGaussianFilter() {}
double Filter (double dVal) { if (fabs (dVal) > m_dWidth) { return 0.0; } return exp (-dVal * dVal / 2.0) / sqrt (FILTER_2PI); } };
class CHammingFilter : public CGenericFilter { public:
CHammingFilter (double dWidth = double(0.5)) : CGenericFilter(dWidth) {} virtual ~CHammingFilter() {}
double Filter (double dVal) { if (fabs (dVal) > m_dWidth) { return 0.0; } double dWindow = 0.54 + 0.46 * cos (FILTER_2PI * dVal); double dSinc = (dVal == 0) ? 1.0 : sin (FILTER_PI * dVal) / (FILTER_PI * dVal); return dWindow * dSinc; } };
class CBlackmanFilter : public CGenericFilter { public:
CBlackmanFilter (double dWidth = double(0.5)) : CGenericFilter(dWidth) {} virtual ~CBlackmanFilter() {}
double Filter (double dVal) { if (fabs (dVal) > m_dWidth) { return 0.0; } double dN = 2.0 * m_dWidth + 1.0; return 0.42 + 0.5 * cos (FILTER_2PI * dVal / ( dN - 1.0 )) + 0.08 * cos (FILTER_4PI * dVal / ( dN - 1.0 )); } };
typedef struct { unsigned int*Weights; // Normalized weights of neighboring pixels int Left,Right; // Bounds of source pixels window } ContributionType; // Contirbution information for a single pixel
typedef struct { ContributionType *ContribRow; // Row (or column) of contribution weights UINT WindowSize, // Filter window size (of affecting source pixels) LineLength; // Length of line (no. or rows / cols) } LineContribType; // Contribution information for an entire line (row or column)
typedef BOOL (*ProgressAnbAbortCallBack)(BYTE bPercentComplete);
template <class FilterClass> class C2PassScale { public:
C2PassScale (ProgressAnbAbortCallBack callback = NULL) : m_Callback (callback) {m_byteDepth = 3;}
virtual ~C2PassScale() {}
UCHAR * AllocAndScale ( UCHAR *pOrigImage, UINT pixelBytes, UINT uOrigWidth, UINT uOrigWidthBytes, UINT uOrigHeight, UINT uNewWidth, UINT uNewWidthBytes, UINT uNewHeight);
UCHAR * Scale ( UCHAR *pOrigImage, UINT pixelBytes, UINT uOrigWidth, UINT uOrigWidthBytes, UINT uOrigHeight, UCHAR *pDstImage, UINT uNewWidth, UINT uNewWidthBytes, UINT uNewHeight);
int m_byteDepth;
private:
ProgressAnbAbortCallBack m_Callback; BOOL m_bCanceled;
LineContribType *AllocContributions ( UINT uLineLength, UINT uWindowSize);
void FreeContributions (LineContribType * p);
LineContribType *CalcContributions ( UINT uLineSize, UINT uSrcSize, double dScale);
void ScaleRow ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UCHAR *pRes, UINT uResWidth, UINT uDstWidthBytes, UINT uRow, LineContribType *Contrib);
void HorizScale ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UINT uSrcHeight, UCHAR *pDst, UINT uResWidth, UINT uResWidthBytes);
void ScaleCol ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UCHAR *pRes, UINT uResWidth, UINT uResWidthBytes, UINT uResHeight, UINT uCol, LineContribType *Contrib);
void VertScale ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UINT uSrcHeight, UCHAR *pDst, UINT uResHeight); };
template <class FilterClass> LineContribType * C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: AllocContributions (UINT uLineLength, UINT uWindowSize) { LineContribType *res = new LineContribType; // Init structure header res->WindowSize = uWindowSize; res->LineLength = uLineLength; // Allocate list of contributions res->ContribRow = new ContributionType[uLineLength]; for (UINT u = 0 ; u < uLineLength ; u++) { // Allocate contributions for every pixel res->ContribRow[u].Weights = new unsigned int[uWindowSize]; } return res; }
template <class FilterClass> void C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: FreeContributions (LineContribType * p) { for (UINT u = 0; u < p->LineLength; u++) { // Free contribs for every pixel delete [] p->ContribRow[u].Weights; } delete [] p->ContribRow; // Free list of pixels contribs delete p; // Free contribs header }
template <class FilterClass> LineContribType * C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: CalcContributions (UINT uLineSize, UINT uSrcSize, double dScale) { FilterClass CurFilter;
double dWidth; double dFScale = 1.0; double dFilterWidth = CurFilter.GetWidth();
if (dScale < 1.0) { // Minification dWidth = dFilterWidth / dScale; dFScale = dScale; } else { // Magnification dWidth= dFilterWidth; }
// Window size is the number of sampled pixels // int iWindowSize = 2 * (int)ceil(dWidth) + 1; int iWindowSize = 2 * ((int)ceil(dWidth) + 1); // changed ... causing crash with bi-linear filiter?? [JRM]
// Allocate a new line contributions strucutre LineContribType *res = AllocContributions (uLineSize, iWindowSize);
double *dWeights = new double[iWindowSize];
for (UINT u = 0; u < uLineSize; u++) { // Scan through line of contributions double dCenter = (double)u / dScale; // Reverse mapping // Find the significant edge points that affect the pixel int iLeft = max (0, (int)floor (dCenter - dWidth)); int iRight = min ((int)ceil (dCenter + dWidth), int(uSrcSize) - 1);
// Cut edge points to fit in filter window in case of spill-off if (iRight - iLeft + 1 > iWindowSize) { if (iLeft < (int(uSrcSize) - 1 / 2)) { iLeft++; } else { iRight--; } } int nFallback = iLeft;
BOOL bNonZeroFound = false; double dTotalWeight = 0.0; // Zero sum of weights double dVal; for (int iSrc = iLeft; iSrc <= iRight; iSrc++) { // Calculate weights dVal = CurFilter.Filter (dFScale * (dCenter - (double)iSrc)); if (dVal > 0.0) dVal *= dFScale; else { dVal = 0.0; // zero conribution, trim if (!bNonZeroFound) { // we are on the left side, trim left iLeft = iSrc+1; continue; } else { // we are on the right side, trim right iRight = iSrc-1; break; } } bNonZeroFound = true; dTotalWeight += dVal; dWeights[iSrc-iLeft] = dVal; }
if (iLeft > iRight) { ASSERT(FALSE); iLeft = iRight = nFallback; dWeights[0] = 0.0; } res->ContribRow[u].Left = iLeft; res->ContribRow[u].Right = iRight;
ASSERT (dTotalWeight >= 0.0); // An error in the filter function can cause this if (dTotalWeight > 0.0) { // Normalize weight of neighbouring points for (iSrc = iLeft; iSrc <= iRight; iSrc++) { // Normalize point dWeights[iSrc-iLeft] /= dTotalWeight; } } // scale weights to integers weights for effeciency for (iSrc = iLeft; iSrc <= iRight; iSrc++) res->ContribRow[u].Weights[iSrc-iLeft] = (unsigned int)(dWeights[iSrc-iLeft] * 0xffff); } delete [] dWeights; return res; }
template <class FilterClass> void C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: ScaleRow ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UCHAR *pRes, UINT uResWidth, UINT uResWidthBytes, UINT uRow, LineContribType *Contrib) { UCHAR * const pSrcRow = &(pSrc[uRow * uSrcWidthBytes]); UCHAR * const pDstRow = &(pRes[uRow * uResWidthBytes]); UCHAR *pSrcLoc; UCHAR *pDstLoc; unsigned int vals[PS_MAX_DEPTH];
for (UINT x = 0; x < uResWidth; x++) { // Loop through row int v, i; for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) vals[v] = 0; int iLeft = Contrib->ContribRow[x].Left; // Retrieve left boundries int iRight = Contrib->ContribRow[x].Right; // Retrieve right boundries pSrcLoc = &pSrcRow[iLeft*m_byteDepth]; for (i = iLeft; i <= iRight; i++) { // Scan between boundries #ifdef _DEBUG ASSERT(i-iLeft < (int)Contrib->WindowSize); #endif // Accumulate weighted effect of each neighboring pixel for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) vals[v] += Contrib->ContribRow[x].Weights[i-iLeft] * *pSrcLoc++; } pDstLoc = &pDstRow[x*m_byteDepth]; for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) { // copy to destination, and scale back down by BYTE *pDstLoc++ = BOUND(vals[v] >> 16, 0, 0xff); // Place result in destination pixel } } }
template <class FilterClass> void C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: HorizScale ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UINT uSrcHeight, UCHAR *pDst, UINT uResWidth, UINT uResWidthBytes) { // Assumes heights are the same // TRACE ("Performing horizontal scaling...\n"); if (uResWidth == uSrcWidth) { // No scaling required, just copy if(uSrcHeight <= 0) return; if (uResWidthBytes == uSrcWidthBytes) { int copy = ((uSrcHeight -1) * uSrcWidthBytes) + uSrcWidth*m_byteDepth; // avoids overrun if starting in middle of image. memcpy (pDst, pSrc, copy); return; } else { for (UINT y = 0; y < uSrcHeight; y++) memcpy(pDst+uResWidthBytes*y, pSrc+uSrcWidthBytes*y, uSrcWidth*m_byteDepth); return; } } // Allocate and calculate the contributions LineContribType * Contrib = CalcContributions (uResWidth, uSrcWidth, double(uResWidth) / double(uSrcWidth)); for (UINT u = 0; u < uSrcHeight; u++) { // Step through rows if (NULL != m_Callback) { // // Progress and report callback supplied // if (!m_Callback (BYTE(double(u) / double (uSrcHeight) * 50.0))) { // // User wished to abort now // m_bCanceled = TRUE; FreeContributions (Contrib); // Free contributions structure return; } } ScaleRow ( pSrc, uSrcWidth, uSrcWidthBytes, pDst, uResWidth, uResWidthBytes, u, Contrib); // Scale each row } FreeContributions (Contrib); // Free contributions structure }
template <class FilterClass> void C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: ScaleCol ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UCHAR *pRes, UINT uResWidth, UINT uResWidthBytes, UINT uResHeight, UINT uCol, LineContribType *Contrib) { UCHAR *pSrcLoc; UCHAR *pDstLoc; unsigned int vals[PS_MAX_DEPTH];
// assumes same height for (UINT y = 0; y < uResHeight; y++) { // Loop through column int v, i; for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) vals[v] = 0;
int iLeft = Contrib->ContribRow[y].Left; // Retrieve left boundries int iRight = Contrib->ContribRow[y].Right; // Retrieve right boundries pSrcLoc = pSrc + uSrcWidthBytes*iLeft + uCol* m_byteDepth; for (i = iLeft; i <= iRight; i++) { // Scan between boundries // Accumulate weighted effect of each neighboring pixel UCHAR *pCurSrc = pSrc + uSrcWidthBytes*i + uCol* m_byteDepth; #ifdef _DEBUG ASSERT(i-iLeft < (int)Contrib->WindowSize); #endif for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) vals[v] += Contrib->ContribRow[y].Weights[i-iLeft] * pSrcLoc[v]; pSrcLoc += uSrcWidthBytes; } pDstLoc = pRes + (y * uResWidthBytes) + uCol*m_byteDepth; for (v= 0; v < m_byteDepth; v++) { // scale back *pDstLoc++ = BOUND( vals[v] >> 16, 0, 0xff); // Place result in destination pixel } } }
template <class FilterClass> void C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: VertScale ( UCHAR *pSrc, UINT uSrcWidth, UINT uSrcWidthBytes, UINT uSrcHeight, UCHAR *pDst, UINT uResHeight) { // TRACE ("Performing vertical scaling...");
// assumes widths are the same! if (uSrcHeight == uResHeight) { // No scaling required, just copy if (uSrcHeight <= 0) return; int copy = ((uSrcHeight -1) * uSrcWidthBytes) + uSrcWidth*m_byteDepth; // avoids overrun if starting in middle of image. memcpy (pDst, pSrc, copy); return; } // Allocate and calculate the contributions LineContribType * Contrib = CalcContributions (uResHeight, uSrcHeight, double(uResHeight) / double(uSrcHeight)); for (UINT u = 0; u < uSrcWidth; u++) { // Step through columns if (NULL != m_Callback) { // // Progress and report callback supplied // if (!m_Callback (BYTE(double(u) / double (uSrcWidth) * 50.0) + 50)) { // // User wished to abort now // m_bCanceled = TRUE; FreeContributions (Contrib); // Free contributions structure return; } } ScaleCol ( pSrc, uSrcWidth, uSrcWidthBytes, pDst, uSrcWidth, uSrcWidthBytes, uResHeight, u, Contrib); // Scale each column } FreeContributions (Contrib); // Free contributions structure }
template <class FilterClass> UCHAR * C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: AllocAndScale ( UCHAR *pOrigImage, // A pointer to the source bitmap bits UINT pixelBytes, // The size of a single pixel in bytes (both source and scaled image) UINT uOrigWidth, // The width of a line of the source image to scale in pixels UINT uOrigWidthBytes, // The width of a single line of the source image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) UINT uOrigHeight, // The height of the source image to scale in pixels. UINT uNewWidth, // The desired width of a line of the scaled image in pixels UINT uNewWidthBytes, // The width of a single line of the scaled image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) UINT uNewHeight) // The desired height of the scaled image in pixels. { // Scale source image horizontally into temporary image m_byteDepth = pixelBytes; m_bCanceled = FALSE; UCHAR *pTemp = new UCHAR [uNewWidthBytes * uOrigHeight]; HorizScale (pOrigImage, uOrigWidth, uOrigWidthBytes, uOrigHeight, pTemp, uNewWidth, uNewWidthBytes); if (m_bCanceled) { delete [] pTemp; return NULL; } // Scale temporary image vertically into result image UCHAR *pRes = new UCHAR [uNewWidth * uNewHeight *m_byteDepth]; VertScale ( pTemp, uNewWidth, uNewWidthBytes, uOrigHeight, pRes, uNewHeight); if (m_bCanceled) { delete [] pTemp; delete [] pRes; return NULL; } delete [] pTemp; return pRes; }
template <class FilterClass> UCHAR * C2PassScale<FilterClass>:: Scale ( UCHAR *pOrigImage, // A pointer to the source bitmap bits UINT pixelBytes, // The size of a single pixel in bytes (both source and scaled image) UINT uOrigWidth, // The width of a line of the source image to scale in pixels UINT uOrigWidthBytes, // The width of a single line of the source image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) UINT uOrigHeight, // The height of the source image to scale in pixels. UCHAR *pDstImage, // A pointer to a buffer to hold the ecaled image UINT uNewWidth, // The desired width of a line of the scaled image in pixels UINT uNewWidthBytes, // The width of a single line of the scaled image in bytes (to allow for padding, etc.) UINT uNewHeight) // The desired height of the scaled image in pixels. { // Scale source image horizontally into temporary image ASSERT(PS_MAX_DEPTH >= pixelBytes); m_byteDepth = pixelBytes; m_bCanceled = FALSE; UCHAR *pTemp = new UCHAR [ uOrigHeight *uNewWidthBytes]; HorizScale (pOrigImage, uOrigWidth, uOrigWidthBytes, uOrigHeight, pTemp, uNewWidth, uNewWidthBytes); if (m_bCanceled) { delete [] pTemp; return NULL; }
// Scale temporary image vertically into result image VertScale ( pTemp, uNewWidth, uNewWidthBytes, uOrigHeight, pDstImage, uNewHeight); delete [] pTemp; if (m_bCanceled) { return NULL; } return pDstImage; }
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Where is the "macros.h" header file? It is impossible to compile your file under MSVC.NET 2003 because BOUND isn't defined and so on.
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I have fixed the original post. The only item you need from macros.h is
#define BOUND(x,a,b) \ (((x) <= (a)) ? (a) : (((x) > (b)) ? (b) : (x)))
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