An EAN13 Code Control

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Introduction

EAN-13 is a Standard - Barcode - format. This code is used to scan articles in stores and other places. For a project I'm working on, I need to print EAN - Codes on a Laser printer and display them on the screen for the user. The printing task is quite easy since most printers support EAN - Codes, if you pass them an escape sequence. The trouble is, that you can pass the escape sequences only if you open the port manually and print the whole page with print-commands, which means, you can not use the System.Drawing.Printing objects. So, if you want to print EAN - Codes and use the Print objects of .NET, you need to draw the EAN - Codes yourself.

The EAN - Format

To draw an EAN - 13 formatted Barcode you need three tables which tell you how to format each digit. The first and the second are used for the digits 1 - 7 and the third table is used for the digits 8 - 13. Each digit is 12 bits long; if you count the 2 bits separators they are 14 bits long.

These are the three tables with the digits and their decimal value in the barcode:

Now the question is: Why do we use two tables for the first 7 digits? Answer: Because the first digit is not really printed, if you look at the code you only see the digits 2-13. First digit is decoded by the variations of the usage for the drawing of digits 2-7.

These are the combinations we use to decode the first digit:

Now, the last important thing is the 13^th digit. You can't choose it freely. It's a checksum. It's calculated in the following way:

1. Go through digits 1-12, if the digit is even add the value, if not add the value * 3.
2. Calculate the modulus 10 of the sum calculated below.
3. Subtract the value from 10.
4. Calculate once again the Modulus 10 of the value.

If you code it, it looks like this:

private string CreateChecksum(string EAN)
{
    int csumTotal = 0; // The checksum working variable starts at zero

    // Calculate the checksum value for the message

    for( int charPos = EAN.Length - 1; charPos >= 0; charPos--) 
    {
        if( charPos % 2 == 0 )
            csumTotal = csumTotal + int.Parse(EAN.Substring(charPos,1));
        else
            csumTotal = csumTotal + (3 * int.Parse(EAN.Substring(charPos,1)));
    }
    // Calculate the checksum digit

    int remainder = 10-(csumTotal % 10);
    remainder = remainder % 10;
    return remainder.ToString();
}

The EAN - Class

private int[] Pool01i; // the Integer Representation of the Tables 1 and 2

private char[] Pool01s; // the char Representation of the tables 1 and 2

private int[] Pool2i; // the Integer Representation of the Table 3

// the Offsets for each digit depending on the first

private int[][] Additions = new int[10][]; 
private const int p = 112; //ASCII - Value of p

private const int P = 80; // ASCII - Value of P

private Color backcolor; // Backcolor of EAN - Code

// Bitmap, that holds the graphic representation of the Code

private Bitmap tmpCode; 
// Graphics - Object to draw the EAN - Code into the Bitmap

private Graphics Renderer; 
private int wdth; //Width of EAN - Code

private int hght; //Height of EAN

private Font font //Used font to draw the EAN - String

//Marks the bars which must be longer than the others

private int[] ALengths; 
private string CodeVal = ""; // Binary Representation of the EAN - Code

private string eancode = ""; //Decimal Representation of the EAN - Code

// Marks the Code as Valid or invalid depending on the Checksum

private bool valid = true; 
private int Seperators = 51; // Decimal Value of the Seperator - Bars

private float brushwidth = 1; // Width of a bar

// Event is fired after the EAN - Code has changed

internal event EventHandler CodeChanged;

In the constructor of my EAN class, I initialize these values:

internal EAN13Code(int width, int height, Font fnt, Color BC)
{
    backcolor = BC;
    tmpCode = new Bitmap(width,height);
    Renderer = Graphics.FromImage(tmpCode);
    wdth = width;
    hght = height;
    font = fnt;
    // Pool1i holds the Values of Table 1 and 2

    Pool01i = new int[]{243,963,783,4083,3087,3843,3327,4047,3903,207,
                                3135,3855,975,3075,1011,4035,51,771,195,831};
    // The Values in Pool01i are Associated with char Values from p-y and P-Y

    Pool01s = new char[]{'p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','P','Q',
                                             'R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y'};
    Pool2i = new int[]{4035,3855,3900,3075,3324,3135,3264,3084,3120,4044};
    // in the Additions we set the Offsets for each digit 

    // depending on the value of the first Digit.

    Additions[0] = new int[]{p,p,p,p,p,p};
    Additions[1] = new int[]{p,p,P,p,P,P};
    Additions[2] = new int[]{p,p,P,P,p,P};
    Additions[3] = new int[]{p,p,P,P,P,p};
    Additions[4] = new int[]{p,P,p,p,P,P};
    Additions[5] = new int[]{p,P,P,p,p,P};
    Additions[6] = new int[]{p,P,P,P,p,p};
    Additions[7] = new int[]{p,P,p,P,p,P};
    Additions[8] = new int[]{p,P,p,P,P,p};
    Additions[9] = new int[]{p,P,P,p,P,p};
    ALengths = new int[190];
    for (int i= 0; i< ALengths.Length;i++)
    {
        //We want the Leading bars, the seperator - Bars and the Ending 

        // Bars to be longer than the others.

        ALengths[i] = 0;
        if (i == 0 |i == 1 |i == 4 |i == 5 | i==92 | i == 93 |i == 96 | 
                     i == 97 | i == 189 | i == 188 | i == 185 | i == 184)
        {
            ALengths[i] = 10;
        }
    }
}

With the property EANCode, I aggregate the variable eancode and do all the steps to make sure that the EAN - Code can be painted.

internal string EANCode
{
    get
    {
       return eancode;
    }
    set
    {
       // assign the Code no matter if it's valid or not.

       eancode = value.Trim();
       // if the Length is 12 we calculate the Checksum

       if (eancode.Length == 12)
       {
           eancode += CreateChecksum(eancode);
       }
       // if the EAN - Code is 13 digits long we check if the code is valid and

       // create the binary representation of it.

       if (eancode.Length == 13)
       {
         valid = true;
         if (CreateChecksum(eancode.Substring(0,12)) != eancode[12].ToString())
         {
             valid = false;
         }
         CodeVal = CreateCode(eancode);
       }
       // we draw the Code into a bitmap and inform the client that the code is

       // now ready for Painting somewhere.

       PrepareCode();
       if (CodeChanged != null)
       {
          CodeChanged(this,EventArgs.Empty);
       }
    }
}

The creation of the binary representation of the EAN - Code is quite simple:

private string CreateCode(string ean)
{
     string RetVal = "";
    // First thing in the code are the 2 leading Seperator - Bars.

    RetVal = Dec2Bin(Seperators);
    // Get the first Digit of the code. we use 

    // this number for the Selection of the

    // Table we're going to use for the 2nd to the 7th digit.

    int Spos = int.Parse(ean.Substring(0,1));
    for (int i=1; i<=ean.Length;i++)
    {
       if (i <= 6)
       {
           //Each Digit is leaded by 2 empty Bars. 

           // for the first 6 Digits we use Pool01i with an 

           // offset depending on the first Digit

           int nm = int.Parse(ean.Substring(i,1));
           RetVal += "00" + Dec2Bin(Pool01i[IndexOf(nm+Additions[Spos][i-1],
                                                     Pool01s)]).PadLeft(12,'0');
       }
       else if (i == 7)
       {
           // in the Middle we draw the Seperator

           RetVal += "00" + Dec2Bin(Seperators);
       }
       else
       {
           // the rest of the digits are defined with Pool2i

           int nm = int.Parse(ean.Substring(i-1,1));
           RetVal += "00" + Dec2Bin(Pool2i[nm]).PadLeft(12,'0');
       }
    }
    // The Code is finished with the Ending Seperator.

    RetVal += "00" + Dec2Bin(Seperators);
    return RetVal;
}

After we know what the binary appearance of the code is, we can create a bitmap of it.

private void PrepareCode()
{
    //Create a Bitmap with the Measurements of the EAN - Code

    tmpCode = new Bitmap(wdth,hght);
    // Initialize the Graphics object for the Bitmap.

    Renderer = Graphics.FromImage(tmpCode);
    // Set the Backcolor of the Control.

    Renderer.Clear(backcolor);
    //Print the EAN into the Bitmap.

    WriteEAN(10,0,Renderer,hght*2/3);
}
private void WriteEAN(int x, int y, Graphics g, int Height)
{
    // Set the Color of the Bars with 1 depending on if 

    // the code is valid (black) or invalid (red)

    Brush B1 = (Brush)System.Drawing.Brushes.Black.Clone();
    if (!valid)
    {
        B1 = (Brush)Brushes.Red.Clone();
    }
    // the Bars with 0 are not painted.

    Brush B0 = (Brush)Brushes.Transparent.Clone();
    Font PFont = font;
    // the Barcode is only painted if its length is 13

    if (eancode.Length == 13)
    {
        // First draw the leading Digit.

        g.DrawString(eancode.Substring(0,1),PFont, System.Drawing.Brushes.Black, 
            x-g.MeasureString(eancode.Substring(0,1),PFont).Width-3,y+Height+3);
        float F = 0;
        // Now Draw all the Bars in black or transparent.

        for (int i= 0; i< CodeVal.Length; i++, F+=brushwidth)
        {
            if (CodeVal.Substring(i,1) == "1")
            {
                 g.FillRectangle(B1,x+F,y,brushwidth,Height+ALengths[i]);
            }
            else
            {
                 g.FillRectangle(B0,x+F,y,brushwidth,Height+ALengths[i]);
            }
        }
        F = brushwidth;
        // Write the decimal Representations of 

        // each digit on the Position the bars

        // were painted before.

        for (int i = 1; i<=6; i++, F+=brushwidth)
        {
            g.DrawString(eancode.Substring(i,1),PFont,
                     System.Drawing.Brushes.Black,x+(14*(F-1))+8,y+Height+3);
        }
        F = brushwidth*7;
        for (int i = 7; i<13; i++,F+=brushwidth)
        {
            g.DrawString(eancode.Substring(i,1),PFont,
                    System.Drawing.Brushes.Black,x+(14*(F-7))+99,y+Height+3);
        }
    }
}

After I created the EAN13 class, I added an object of it as a member to a control and that's now my EAN13CodeControl.

Usage of the Code

Add EAN13CodeControl on a form and type in your code something like this:

eaN13CodeCtl1.Text = "012345678901";

So, that's all

If you're interested in EAN13 backgrounds, there's a great article from rainman_63 about that.

The code looks a bit strange (naming conventions and things like that), sorry about that.