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Henry Spencer's Regexp Engine Revisited

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2 Jul 200317 min read 176.3K   3.4K   67  
A small, Unicode-aware regular expression engine based on Henry Spencer's early work
/*
 * regcomp and regexec -- regsub and regerror are elsewhere
 */
#include <stdio.h>

#include "regexp_int.h"
#include "regexp_custom.h"
#include "regmagic.h"

/* FORWARDING FUNCTIONS for macros in ctype */
static int isalnum_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisalnum(c);
}

static int isalpha_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisalpha(c);
}

static int isblank_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisblank(c);
}

static int iscntrl_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return ciscntrl(c);
}

static int isdigit_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisdigit(c);
}

static int isgraph_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisgraph(c);
}

static int islower_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cislower(c);
}

static int isprint_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisprint(c);
}

static int ispunct_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cispunct(c);
}

static int isspace_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisspace(c);
}

static int isupper_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisupper(c);
}

static int isxdigit_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisxdigit(c);
}

static int isword_f(CHAR_TYPE c)
{
    return cisalnum(c) || c == LIT('_');
}

/* character class table */
static const CHAR_TYPE class_table[] = LIT("mabcdglpnsuxw");
typedef int (*cclass_t)(CHAR_TYPE);
static const cclass_t class_table_f[] = {
    isalnum_f, isalpha_f, isblank_f, iscntrl_f,
    isdigit_f, isgraph_f, islower_f, isprint_f,
    ispunct_f, isspace_f, isupper_f, isxdigit_f,
    isword_f
};

/*
 * The "internal use only" fields in regexp.h are present to pass info from
 * compile to execute that permits the execute phase to run lots faster on
 * simple cases.  They are:
 *
 * regstart	char that must begin a match; '\0' if none obvious
 * reganch	is the match anchored (at beginning-of-line only)?
 * regmust	string (pointer into program) that match must include, or NULL
 * regmlen	length of regmust string
 *
 * Regstart and reganch permit very fast decisions on suitable starting points
 * for a match, cutting down the work a lot.  Regmust permits fast rejection
 * of lines that cannot possibly match.  The regmust tests are costly enough
 * that regcomp() supplies a regmust only if the r.e. contains something
 * potentially expensive (at present, the only such thing detected is * or +
 * at the start of the r.e., which can involve a lot of backup).  Regmlen is
 * supplied because the test in regexec() needs it and regcomp() is computing
 * it anyway.
 */

/*
 * Structure for regexp "program".  This is essentially a linear encoding
 * of a nondeterministic finite-state machine (aka syntax charts or
 * "railroad normal form" in parsing technology).  Each node is an opcode
 * plus a "next" pointer, possibly plus an operand.  "Next" pointers of
 * all nodes except BRANCH implement concatenation; a "next" pointer with
 * a BRANCH on both ends of it is connecting two alternatives.  (Here we
 * have one of the subtle syntax dependencies:  an individual BRANCH (as
 * opposed to a collection of them) is never concatenated with anything
 * because of operator precedence.)  The operand of some types of node is
 * a literal string; for others, it is a node leading into a sub-FSM.  In
 * particular, the operand of a BRANCH node is the first node of the branch.
 * (NB this is *not* a tree structure:  the tail of the branch connects
 * to the thing following the set of BRANCHes.)  The opcodes are:
 */

#define NSUBEXPS 10

/* definition	number	opnd?	meaning */
#define	END	0	/* no	End of program. */
#define	BOL	1	/* no	Match beginning of line. */
#define	EOL	2	/* no	Match end of line. */
#define	ANY	3	/* no	Match any character. */
#define	ANYOF	4	/* str	Match any of these. */
#define	ANYBUT	5	/* str	Match any but one of these. */
#define	BRANCH	6	/* node	Match this, or the next..\&. */
#define	BACK	7	/* no	"next" ptr points backward. */
#define	EXACTLY	8	/* str	Match this string. */
#define	NOTHING	9	/* no	Match empty string. */
#define	STAR	10	/* node	Match this 0 or more times. */
#define	PLUS	11	/* node	Match this 1 or more times. */
#define CCLASS  12  /* chr  Match character class. */
#define WORDA   13  /* no   Match beginning of word */
#define WORDZ   14  /* no   Match end of word */
#define	OPEN	20	/* lvl	Sub-RE starts here. */
                    /* the level follows the OPEN opcode. (NEW) */
#define	CLOSE	30	/* lvl	Analogous to OPEN. */

/* character classes */

/*
 * Opcode notes:
 *
 * BRANCH	The set of branches constituting a single choice are hooked
 *		together with their "next" pointers, since precedence prevents
 *		anything being concatenated to any individual branch.  The
 *		"next" pointer of the last BRANCH in a choice points to the
 *		thing following the whole choice.  This is also where the
 *		final "next" pointer of each individual branch points; each
 *		branch starts with the operand node of a BRANCH node.
 *
 * BACK		Normal "next" pointers all implicitly point forward; BACK
 *		exists to make loop structures possible.
 *
 * STAR,PLUS	'?', and complex '*' and '+', are implemented as circular
 *		BRANCH structures using BACK.  Simple cases (one character
 *		per match) are implemented with STAR and PLUS for speed
 *		and to minimize recursive plunges.
 *
 * OPEN,CLOSE	...are numbered at compile time, but stored separately
 *              so we can get a more-or-less unlimited amount of
 *              subexpressions.
 */

/*
 * A node is one char of opcode followed by two chars of "next" pointer.
 * "Next" pointers are stored as two 8-bit pieces, high order first.  The
 * value is a positive offset from the opcode of the node containing it.
 * An operand, if any, simply follows the node.  (Note that much of the
 * code generation knows about this implicit relationship.)
 *
 * Using two bytes for the "next" pointer is vast overkill for most things,
 * but allows patterns to get big without disasters.
 */
#define	OP(p)		(*(p))
#define	NEXT(p)		(((*((p)+1)&0177)<<8) + (*((p)+2)&0377))
#define	OPERAND(p)	((p) + 3)

/*
 * See regmagic.h for one further detail of program structure.
 */


/*
 * Utility definitions.
 */
#define	FAIL(m, code)		{ re_report(m); return code; }
#define FAIL2(m, code)      { re_report(m); if(errp) *errp = code; return NULL; }
#define	ISREPN(c)	((c) == LIT('*') || (c) == LIT('+') || (c) == LIT('?'))
#define	META		LIT("^$.[()|?+*\\")

/*
 * Flags to be passed up and down.
 */
#define	HASWIDTH	01	/* Known never to match null string. */
#define	SIMPLE		02	/* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand. */
#define	SPSTART		04	/* Starts with * or +. */
#define	WORST		0	/* Worst case. */

/*
 * Work-variable struct for regcomp().
 */
struct comp {
	CHAR_TYPE *regparse;		/* Input-scan pointer. */
	int regnpar;		/* () count. */
	CHAR_TYPE *regcode;		/* Code-emit pointer; &regdummy = don't. */
	CHAR_TYPE regdummy[3];	/* NOTHING, 0 next ptr */
	long regsize;		/* Code size. */
};
#define	EMITTING(cp)	((cp)->regcode != (cp)->regdummy)

/*
 * Forward declarations for regcomp()'s friends.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *reg(struct comp *cp, int paren, int *flagp, int *errp);
static CHAR_TYPE *regbranch(struct comp *cp, int *flagp, int* errp);
static CHAR_TYPE *regpiece(struct comp *cp, int *flagp, int* errp);
static CHAR_TYPE *regatom(struct comp *cp, int *flagp, int* errp);
static CHAR_TYPE *regnode(struct comp *cp, int op);
static CHAR_TYPE *regnext(CHAR_TYPE *node);
static void regc(struct comp *cp, int c);
static void reginsert(struct comp *cp, int op, CHAR_TYPE *opnd);
static void regtail(struct comp *cp, CHAR_TYPE *p, CHAR_TYPE *val);
static void regoptail(struct comp *cp, CHAR_TYPE *p, CHAR_TYPE *val);

/*
 - regcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
 *
 * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
 * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
 * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
 * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
 * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
 * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
 * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
 * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.)
 *
 * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
 * of the structure of the compiled regexp.
 *
 * Note: cflags is for future extensions (such as case insensitive search,
 * not supported yet)
 */
int re_comp_w(regexp** rpp, const CHAR_TYPE* exp)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *scan;
	int flags;
	struct comp co;
    int error = 0;

    if(!rpp)
        FAIL("Invalid out regexp pointer", REGEXP_BADARG);
    {
        register regexp* r;
        
        if (exp == NULL)
            FAIL("Invalid expression", REGEXP_BADARG);
        
        /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
        co.regparse = (CHAR_TYPE *)exp;
        co.regnpar = 1;
        co.regsize = 0L;
        co.regdummy[0] = NOTHING;
        co.regdummy[1] = co.regdummy[2] = 0;
        co.regcode = co.regdummy;
        regc(&co, MAGIC);
        if (reg(&co, 0, &flags, &error) == NULL)
            return error;

        /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention? */
        if (co.regsize >= 0x7fffL)	/* Probably could be 0xffffL. */
            FAIL("regexp too big", REGEXP_ESIZE);

        /* Allocate space. */
        r = (regexp *)re_malloc(sizeof(regexp) + (size_t)co.regsize*sizeof(CHAR_TYPE));
        if (r == NULL)
            FAIL("out of space", REGEXP_ESPACE);

        /* Second pass: emit code. */
        co.regparse = (CHAR_TYPE *)exp;
        co.regnpar = 1;
        co.regcode = r->program;
        regc(&co, MAGIC);
        if(reg(&co, 0, &flags, &error) == NULL)
        {
            re_cfree(r);
            return error;
        }

        /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
        r->regstart = LIT('\0');		/* Worst-case defaults. */
        r->reganch = 0;
        r->regmust = NULL;
        r->regmlen = 0;
        scan = r->program+1;		/* First BRANCH. */
        if (OP(regnext(scan)) == END) {	/* Only one top-level choice. */
            scan = OPERAND(scan);

            /* Starting-point info. */
            if (OP(scan) == EXACTLY)
                r->regstart = *OPERAND(scan);
            else if (OP(scan) == BOL)
                r->reganch = 1;
            
            /*
             * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
             * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
             * regmust.  Resolve ties in favor of later strings, since
             * the regstart check works with the beginning of the r.e.
             * and avoiding duplication strengthens checking.  Not a
             * strong reason, but sufficient in the absence of others.
             */
            if (flags&SPSTART) {
                register CHAR_TYPE *longest = NULL;
                register size_t len = 0;
                
                for (; scan != NULL; scan = regnext(scan))
                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTLY && cstrlen(OPERAND(scan)) >= len) {
                        longest = OPERAND(scan);
                        len = cstrlen(OPERAND(scan));
                    }
                r->regmust = longest;
                r->regmlen = (int)len;
            }
        }
        
        r->regnsubexp = co.regnpar;

        *rpp = r;
        return 0;
    }
}

/*
 - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
 *
 * Caller must absorb opening parenthesis.
 *
 * Combining parenthesis handling with the base level of regular expression
 * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
 * follows makes it hard to avoid.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *
reg(struct comp* cp, int paren, int* flagp, int* errp)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *ret;
	register CHAR_TYPE *br;
	register CHAR_TYPE *ender;
	register int parno;
	int flags;

	*flagp = HASWIDTH;	/* Tentatively. */

	if (paren) {
		/* Make an OPEN node. */
		if (cp->regnpar >= REGEXP_MAXEXP)
        {
            re_report("Too many ()");
            *errp = REGEXP_EEND;
            return NULL;
        }
        
		parno = cp->regnpar;
		cp->regnpar++;
        if(parno > NSUBEXPS)
        {
            ret = regnode(cp, OPEN);
            regc(cp, parno);
        }
        else
            ret = regnode(cp, OPEN + parno);
	}

	/* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
	br = regbranch(cp, &flags, errp);
	if (br == NULL)
		return(NULL);
	if (paren)
		regtail(cp, ret, br);	/* OPEN -> first. */
	else
		ret = br;
	*flagp &= ~(~flags&HASWIDTH);	/* Clear bit if bit 0. */
	*flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
	while (*cp->regparse == LIT('|')) {
		cp->regparse++;
		br = regbranch(cp, &flags, errp);
		if (br == NULL)
			return(NULL);
		regtail(cp, ret, br);	/* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
		*flagp &= ~(~flags&HASWIDTH);
		*flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
	}

	/* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
    if(paren)
    {
        if(parno > NSUBEXPS)
        {
            ender = regnode(cp, CLOSE);
            regc(cp, parno);
        }
        else
            ender = regnode(cp, CLOSE + parno);
    }
    else
        ender = regnode(cp, END);
	regtail(cp, ret, ender);

	/* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
	for (br = ret; br != NULL; br = regnext(br))
		regoptail(cp, br, ender);

	/* Check for proper termination. */
	if (paren && *cp->regparse++ != LIT(')')) {
		FAIL2("unterminated ()", REGEXP_EPAREN);
	} else if (!paren && *cp->regparse != LIT('\0')) {
		if (*cp->regparse == LIT(')')) {
			FAIL2("unmatched ()", REGEXP_EPAREN);
		} else
			FAIL2("internal error: junk on end", REGEXP_EEND);
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}

	return(ret);
}

/*
 - regbranch - one alternative of an | operator
 *
 * Implements the concatenation operator.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *
regbranch(struct comp* cp, int* flagp, int* errp)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *ret;
	register CHAR_TYPE *chain;
	register CHAR_TYPE *latest;
	int flags;
	register int c;

	*flagp = WORST;				/* Tentatively. */

	ret = regnode(cp, BRANCH);
	chain = NULL;
	while ((c = *cp->regparse) != LIT('\0') && c != LIT('|') && c != LIT(')')) {
		latest = regpiece(cp, &flags, errp);
		if (latest == NULL)
			return(NULL);
		*flagp |= flags&HASWIDTH;
		if (chain == NULL)		/* First piece. */
			*flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
		else
			regtail(cp, chain, latest);
		chain = latest;
	}
	if (chain == NULL)			/* Loop ran zero times. */
		(void) regnode(cp, NOTHING);

	return(ret);
}

/*
 - regpiece - something followed by possible [*+?]
 *
 * Note that the branching code sequences used for ? and the general cases
 * of * and + are somewhat optimized:  they use the same NOTHING node as
 * both the endmarker for their branch list and the body of the last branch.
 * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
 * endmarker role is not redundant.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *regpiece(struct comp* cp, int* flagp, int* errp)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *ret;
	register CHAR_TYPE op;
	register CHAR_TYPE *next;
	int flags;

	ret = regatom(cp, &flags, errp);
	if (ret == NULL)
		return(NULL);

	op = *cp->regparse;
	if (!ISREPN(op)) {
		*flagp = flags;
		return(ret);
	}

	if (!(flags&HASWIDTH) && op != LIT('?'))
		FAIL2("*+ operand could be empty", REGEXP_BADRPT);
	switch (op) {
	case LIT('*'):	*flagp = WORST|SPSTART;			break;
	case LIT('+'):	*flagp = WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH;	break;
	case LIT('?'):	*flagp = WORST;				break;
	}

	if (op == LIT('*') && (flags&SIMPLE))
		reginsert(cp, STAR, ret);
	else if (op == LIT('*')) {
		/* Emit x* as (x&|), where & means "self". */
		reginsert(cp, BRANCH, ret);		/* Either x */
		regoptail(cp, ret, regnode(cp, BACK));	/* and loop */
		regoptail(cp, ret, ret);		/* back */
		regtail(cp, ret, regnode(cp, BRANCH));	/* or */
		regtail(cp, ret, regnode(cp, NOTHING));	/* null. */
	} else if (op == LIT('+') && (flags&SIMPLE))
		reginsert(cp, PLUS, ret);
	else if (op == LIT('+')) {
		/* Emit x+ as x(&|), where & means "self". */
		next = regnode(cp, BRANCH);		/* Either */
		regtail(cp, ret, next);
		regtail(cp, regnode(cp, BACK), ret);	/* loop back */
		regtail(cp, next, regnode(cp, BRANCH));	/* or */
		regtail(cp, ret, regnode(cp, NOTHING));	/* null. */
	} else if (op == LIT('?')) {
		/* Emit x? as (x|) */
		reginsert(cp, BRANCH, ret);		/* Either x */
		regtail(cp, ret, regnode(cp, BRANCH));	/* or */
		next = regnode(cp, NOTHING);		/* null. */
		regtail(cp, ret, next);
		regoptail(cp, ret, next);
	}
	cp->regparse++;
	if (ISREPN(*cp->regparse))
		FAIL2("nested *?+", REGEXP_BADRPT);

	return(ret);
}

/*
 - regatom - the lowest level
 *
 * Optimization:  gobbles an entire sequence of ordinary characters so that
 * it can turn them into a single node, which is smaller to store and
 * faster to run.  Backslashed characters are exceptions, each becoming a
 * separate node; the code is simpler that way and it's not worth fixing.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *regatom(struct comp* cp, int* flagp, int* errp)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *ret;
	int flags;

	*flagp = WORST;		/* Tentatively. */

	switch (*cp->regparse++) {
	case LIT('^'):
		ret = regnode(cp, BOL);
		break;
	case LIT('$'):
		ret = regnode(cp, EOL);
		break;
	case LIT('.'):
		ret = regnode(cp, ANY);
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
		break;
	case LIT('['): {
		register int range;
		register int rangeend;
		register int c;

		if (*cp->regparse == LIT('^')) {	/* Complement of range. */
			ret = regnode(cp, ANYBUT);
			cp->regparse++;
		} else
			ret = regnode(cp, ANYOF);
		if ((c = *cp->regparse) == LIT(']') || c == LIT('-')) {
			regc(cp, c);
			cp->regparse++;
		}
		while ((c = *cp->regparse++) != LIT('\0') && c != LIT(']')) {
			if (c != LIT('-'))
				regc(cp, c);
			else if ((c = *cp->regparse) == LIT(']') || c == LIT('\0'))
				regc(cp, LIT('-'));
			else {
				range = (UCHAR_TYPE)*(cp->regparse-2);
				rangeend = (UCHAR_TYPE)c;
				if (range > rangeend)
					FAIL2("invalid [] range", REGEXP_ERANGE);
				for (range++; range <= rangeend; range++)
					regc(cp, range);
				cp->regparse++;
			}
		}
		regc(cp, LIT('\0'));
		if (c != LIT(']'))
			FAIL2("unmatched []", REGEXP_EBRACK);
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
		break;
		}
	case LIT('('):
		ret = reg(cp, 1, &flags, errp);
		if (ret == NULL)
			return(NULL);
		*flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART);
		break;
	case LIT('\0'):
	case LIT('|'):
	case LIT(')'):
		/* supposed to be caught earlier */
		FAIL2("internal error: \\0|) unexpected", REGEXP_EEND);
		break;
	case LIT('?'):
	case LIT('+'):
	case LIT('*'):
		FAIL2("?+* follows nothing", REGEXP_BADRPT);
		break;
	case LIT('\\'):
		if (*cp->regparse == LIT('\0'))
			FAIL2("trailing \\", REGEXP_EESCAPE);
        /* check for match in char class */
        {
            const CHAR_TYPE* c;
            c = cstrchr(class_table, *cp->regparse);
            if(c != NULL)
            {
                ret = regnode(cp, CCLASS);
                regc(cp, c - class_table);
            }
            else if((c = cstrchr(class_table, ctolower(*cp->regparse))) != NULL)
            {
                ret = regnode(cp, CCLASS);
                /* negative char class */
                regc(cp, -(class_table - c + 1));
            }
            else if(*cp->regparse == L'<')
            {
                ret = regnode(cp, WORDA);
            }
            else if(*cp->regparse == L'>')
            {
                ret = regnode(cp, WORDZ);
            }
            else
            {
                ret = regnode(cp, EXACTLY);
                regc(cp, *cp->regparse);
                regc(cp, LIT('\0'));
            }
            cp->regparse++;
            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
        }
		break;
	default: {
		register size_t len;
		register CHAR_TYPE ender;

		cp->regparse--;
		len = cstrcspn(cp->regparse, META);
		if (len == 0)
			FAIL2("internal error: strcspn 0", REGEXP_EEND);
		ender = *(cp->regparse+len);
		if (len > 1 && ISREPN(ender))
			len--;		/* Back off clear of ?+* operand. */
		*flagp |= HASWIDTH;
		if (len == 1)
			*flagp |= SIMPLE;
		ret = regnode(cp, EXACTLY);
		for (; len > 0; len--)
			regc(cp, *cp->regparse++);
		regc(cp, LIT('\0'));
		break;
		}
	}

	return(ret);
}

/*
 - regnode - emit a node; returns Location.
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *regnode(struct comp* cp, int op)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *const ret = cp->regcode;
	register CHAR_TYPE *ptr;

	if (!EMITTING(cp)) {
		cp->regsize += 3;
		return(ret);
	}

	ptr = ret;
	*ptr++ = op;
	*ptr++ = LIT('\0');		/* Null next pointer. */
	*ptr++ = LIT('\0');
	cp->regcode = ptr;

	return(ret);
}

/*
 - regc - emit (if appropriate) a byte of code
 */
static void regc(struct comp* cp, int b)
{
	if (EMITTING(cp))
		*cp->regcode++ = b;
	else
		cp->regsize++;
}

/*
 - reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
 *
 * Means relocating the operand.
 */
static void reginsert(struct comp* cp, int op, CHAR_TYPE* opnd)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *place;

	if (!EMITTING(cp)) {
		cp->regsize += 3;
		return;
	}

	(void) memmove(opnd+3, opnd, (size_t)(cp->regcode - opnd) * sizeof(CHAR_TYPE));
	cp->regcode += 3;

	place = opnd;		/* Op node, where operand used to be. */
	*place++ = op;
	*place++ = LIT('\0');
	*place++ = LIT('\0');
}

/*
 - regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain
 */
static void regtail(struct comp* cp, CHAR_TYPE* p, CHAR_TYPE* val)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *scan;
	register CHAR_TYPE *temp;
	register int offset;

	if (!EMITTING(cp))
		return;

	/* Find last node. */
	for (scan = p; (temp = regnext(scan)) != NULL; scan = temp)
		continue;

	offset = (OP(scan) == BACK) ? scan - val : val - scan;
	*(scan+1) = (offset>>8)&0177;
	*(scan+2) = offset&0377;
}

/*
 - regoptail - regtail on operand of first argument; nop if operandless
 */
static void regoptail(struct comp* cp, CHAR_TYPE* p, CHAR_TYPE* val)
{
	/* "Operandless" and "op != BRANCH" are synonymous in practice. */
	if (!EMITTING(cp) || OP(p) != BRANCH)
		return;
	regtail(cp, OPERAND(p), val);
}


/*
 * regexec and friends
 */

/*
 * Work-variable struct for regexec().
 */
struct exec {
	CHAR_TYPE *reginput;		/* String-input pointer. */
	CHAR_TYPE *regbol;		/* Beginning of input, for ^ check. */
    regmatch* regmatchp;        /* match input/output array */
    int   regnsubexp;           /* number of elements in array */
};

/*
 * Forwards.
 */
static int regtry(struct exec *ep, const regexp *rp, CHAR_TYPE *string, int offset);
static int regmatch_(struct exec *ep, CHAR_TYPE *prog);
static size_t regrepeat(struct exec *ep, CHAR_TYPE *node);

/*
 - regexec - match a regexp against a string
 */
int
re_exec_w(const regexp* rp, const CHAR_TYPE* str, size_t nmatch, regmatch pmatch[])
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *string = (CHAR_TYPE *)str;	/* avert const poisoning */
	register CHAR_TYPE *s;
	struct exec ex;

	/* Be paranoid. */
	if (rp == NULL || string == NULL) {
		FAIL("NULL argument to regexec", REGEXP_BADARG);
	}

	/* Check validity of program. */
	if ((UCHAR_TYPE)*rp->program != MAGIC) {
        FAIL("corrupted regexp", REGEXP_BADARG);
	}

	/* If there is a "must appear" string, look for it. */
	if (rp->regmust != NULL && cstrstr(string, rp->regmust) == NULL)
		return(0);

	/* Mark beginning of line for ^ . */
	ex.regbol = string;
	ex.regmatchp = pmatch;
    ex.regnsubexp = nmatch;
        
	/* Simplest case:  anchored match need be tried only once. */
	if (rp->reganch)
		return(regtry(&ex, rp, string, 0));

	/* Messy cases:  unanchored match. */
	if (rp->regstart != LIT('\0')) {
		/* We know what char it must start with. */
		for (s = string; s != NULL; s = cstrchr(s+1, rp->regstart))
			if (regtry(&ex, rp, s, s - string) > 0)
				return(1);
		return(0);
	} else {
        int error = 1;
		/* We don't -- general case. */
		for (s = string; (error = regtry(&ex, rp, s, s - string)) == 0; s++)
			if (*s == LIT('\0'))
				return(0);        
		return(error);
	}
	/* NOTREACHED */
}

/*
 - regtry - try match at specific point
 */
static int regtry(struct exec* ep, const regexp* prog, CHAR_TYPE* string, int offset)
{
	register regmatch *stp;
    int error;

	ep->reginput = string;

    /* Prefill match array */
    if(ep->regmatchp)
    {
        for(stp = ep->regmatchp; stp - ep->regmatchp < ep->regnsubexp; ++stp)
        {
            stp->begin = -1;
            stp->end = -1;
        }
    }
	if ((error = regmatch_(ep, (CHAR_TYPE*)prog->program + 1)) > 0) {
        if(ep->regmatchp && ep->regnsubexp >= 1)
        {
            ep->regmatchp[0].begin = offset;
            ep->regmatchp[0].end   = offset + ep->reginput - string;
        }
        return(1);
	} else
		return(error);
}

/*
 - regmatch - main matching routine
 *
 * Conceptually the strategy is simple:  check to see whether the current
 * node matches, call self recursively to see whether the rest matches,
 * and then act accordingly.  In practice we make some effort to avoid
 * recursion, in particular by going through "ordinary" nodes (that don't
 * need to know whether the rest of the match failed) by a loop instead of
 * by recursion.
 */
static int regmatch_(struct exec* ep, CHAR_TYPE* prog)
{
	register CHAR_TYPE *scan;	/* Current node. */
	CHAR_TYPE *next;		/* Next node. */

	for (scan = prog; scan != NULL; scan = next) {
		next = regnext(scan);

		switch (OP(scan)) {
		case BOL:
			if (ep->reginput != ep->regbol)
				return(0);
			break;
		case EOL:
			if (*ep->reginput != LIT('\0'))
				return(0);
			break;
        case WORDA:
            /* must be in the word char class */
            if (!isword_f(*ep->reginput))
                return(0);
            /* previous must be BOL or nonword */
            if(ep->reginput > ep->regbol &&
               isword_f(*(ep->reginput - 1)))
                return(0);
            /* NOTE: no increment--first match is "pushed back"
             * (actually, never consumed) */
            break;
        case WORDZ:
            /* stops matching when non-word */
            if (isword_f(*ep->reginput))
                return(0);
            /* previous char is not important */
            /* NOTE: no increment--first match is "pushed back"
             * (actually, never consumed) */
            break;
		case ANY:
			if (*ep->reginput == LIT('\0'))
				return(0);
			ep->reginput++;
			break;
		case EXACTLY: {
			register size_t len;
			register CHAR_TYPE *const opnd = OPERAND(scan);

			/* Inline the first character, for speed. */
			if (*opnd != *ep->reginput)
				return(0);
			len = cstrlen(opnd);
			if (len > 1 && cstrncmp(opnd, ep->reginput, len) != 0)
				return(0);
			ep->reginput += len;
			break;
			}
        case CCLASS: {
            register CHAR_TYPE* const opnd = OPERAND(scan);
            if(opnd >= 0)
            {
                if (ep->reginput == LIT('\0') ||
                    !(*class_table_f[*opnd])(*ep->reginput))
                    return 0;
            }
            else
            {
                if (ep->reginput == LIT('\0') ||
                    !(*class_table_f[-*opnd - 1])(*ep->reginput))
                    return 0;
            }
            ep->reginput++;
            break;
            }
		case ANYOF:
			if (*ep->reginput == LIT('\0') ||
					cstrchr(OPERAND(scan), *ep->reginput) == NULL)
				return(0);
			ep->reginput++;
			break;
		case ANYBUT:
			if (*ep->reginput == LIT('\0') ||
					cstrchr(OPERAND(scan), *ep->reginput) != NULL)
				return(0);
			ep->reginput++;
			break;
		case NOTHING:
			break;
		case BACK:
			break;
		case BRANCH: {
			register CHAR_TYPE *const save = ep->reginput;

			if (OP(next) != BRANCH)		/* No choice. */
				next = OPERAND(scan);	/* Avoid recursion. */
			else {
				while (OP(scan) == BRANCH) {
					if (regmatch_(ep, OPERAND(scan)) > 0)
						return(1);
					ep->reginput = save;
					scan = regnext(scan);
				}
				return(0);
				/* NOTREACHED */
			}
			break;
			}
		case STAR: case PLUS: {
			register const CHAR_TYPE nextch =
				(OP(next) == EXACTLY) ? *OPERAND(next) : LIT('\0');
			register size_t no;
			register CHAR_TYPE *const save = ep->reginput;
			register const size_t min = (OP(scan) == STAR) ? 0 : 1;

			for (no = regrepeat(ep, OPERAND(scan)) + 1; no > min; no--) {
				ep->reginput = save + no - 1;
				/* If it could work, try it. */
				if (nextch == LIT('\0') || *ep->reginput == nextch)
					if (regmatch_(ep, next) > 0)
						return(1);
			}
			return(0);
			break;
			}
		case END:
			return(1);	/* Success! */
			break;

        case OPEN+1: case OPEN+2: case OPEN+3:
        case OPEN+4: case OPEN+5: case OPEN+6:
        case OPEN+7: case OPEN+8: case OPEN+9: {
            register const int no = OP(scan) - OPEN;
            register CHAR_TYPE *const input = ep->reginput;

            if (regmatch_(ep, next) > 0) {
                /*
                 * Don't set start if some later
                 * invocation of the same parentheses
                 * already has.
                 */
                if (ep->regmatchp &&
                    no < ep->regnsubexp &&
                    ep->regmatchp[no].begin == -1)
                    ep->regmatchp[no].begin = input - ep->regbol;
                return(1);
            } else
                return(0);
            break;
            }
            
        case OPEN: {
            register const int no = *OPERAND(scan);
            register CHAR_TYPE *const input = ep->reginput;
            
            if (regmatch_(ep, next) > 0) {
                /*
                 * Don't set start if some later
                 * invocation of the same parentheses
                 * already has.
                 */
                if (ep->regmatchp &&
                    no < ep->regnsubexp &&
                    ep->regmatchp[no].begin == -1)
                    ep->regmatchp[no].begin = input - ep->regbol;
                return(1);
            } else
                return(0);
            break;
            }
            
        case CLOSE+1: case CLOSE+2: case CLOSE+3:
        case CLOSE+4: case CLOSE+5: case CLOSE+6:
        case CLOSE+7: case CLOSE+8: case CLOSE+9: {
            register const int no = OP(scan) - CLOSE;
            register CHAR_TYPE *const input = ep->reginput;

            if (regmatch_(ep, next) > 0) {
                /*
                 * Don't set end if some later
                 * invocation of the same parentheses
                 * already has.
                 */
                if (ep->regmatchp &&
                    no < ep->regnsubexp &&
                    ep->regmatchp[no].end == -1)
                    ep->regmatchp[no].end = input - ep->regbol;
                return(1);
            } else
                return(0);
            break;
            }
            
        case CLOSE: {
            register const int no = *OPERAND(scan);
            register CHAR_TYPE *const input = ep->reginput;
                
            if (regmatch_(ep, next) > 0) {
                /*
                 * Don't set end if some later
                 * invocation of the same parentheses
                 * already has.
                 */
                if (ep->regmatchp &&
                    no < ep->regnsubexp &&
                    ep->regmatchp[no].end == -1)
                    ep->regmatchp[no].end = input - ep->regbol;
                return(1);
            } else
                return(0);
            break;
            }
            
		default:
			FAIL("regexp corruption", REGEXP_EEND);
			break;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * We get here only if there's trouble -- normally "case END" is
	 * the terminating point.
	 */
	FAIL("corrupted pointers", REGEXP_EEND);
}

/*
 - regrepeat - report how many times something simple would match
 */
static size_t regrepeat(struct exec* ep, CHAR_TYPE* node)
{
	register size_t count;
	register CHAR_TYPE *scan;
	register CHAR_TYPE ch;

	switch (OP(node)) {
	case ANY:
		return(cstrlen(ep->reginput));
		break;
	case EXACTLY:
		ch = *OPERAND(node);
		count = 0;
		for (scan = ep->reginput; *scan == ch; scan++)
			count++;
		return(count);
		break;
    case CCLASS:
        ch = *OPERAND(node);
        count = 0;
        if(ch >= 0)
        {
            for (scan = ep->reginput; (*class_table_f[ch])(*scan); scan++)
                count++;
        }
        else
        {
            ch = -ch + 1;
            for (scan = ep->reginput; !(*class_table_f[ch])(*scan); scan++)
                count++;
        }
        return(count);
        break;
	case ANYOF:
		return(cstrspn(ep->reginput, OPERAND(node)));
		break;
	case ANYBUT:
		return(cstrcspn(ep->reginput, OPERAND(node)));
		break;
	default:		/* Oh dear.  Called inappropriately. */
		re_report("internal error: bad call of regrepeat");
		return(0);	/* Best compromise. */
		break;
	}
	/* NOTREACHED */
}

/*
 - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
 */
static CHAR_TYPE *regnext(CHAR_TYPE* p)
{
	register const int offset = NEXT(p);

	if (offset == 0)
		return(NULL);

	return((OP(p) == BACK) ? p-offset : p+offset);
}

/*
 * re_nsubexp
 */
int re_nsubexp(const regexp* rp)
{
	/* Be paranoid. */
	if (rp == NULL)
		FAIL("NULL argument to re_nsubexp", REGEXP_BADARG);

	/* Check validity of program. */
	if ((UCHAR_TYPE)*rp->program != MAGIC)
		FAIL("corrupted regexp", REGEXP_BADARG);

    return rp->regnsubexp;
}

/*
 * re_free
 */
void re_free(void* object)
{
    re_cfree(object);
}

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Written By
Web Developer
Canada Canada
I'm a senior software developer, working at Silanis Technology (http://www.silanis.com). I've acquired quite a bit of experience (usually the hard way!) in Win32 and raw COM programming on the job. In my spare time, I like to monkey around with POSIX code.

I'm mostly interested in portable C++ libraries. I'm happiest when I develop portable C++ code--C++ being such a powerful language as long as one keeps clear of the rather nasty subtleties of the language.

I hope the articles I contribute will be of some help to someone. If even one person gains a few hours through use of that code, I'll be very happy.

When not coding, I like to listen to Anime and try to learn Japanese. It's not working too well so far, unfortunately. :{)

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