The relevant line from your logfile is:
Machine policy value 'DisableMsi' is 1
According to
the documentation[
^], that means:
"Windows Installer is disabled for unmanaged applications but is still enabled for managed applications. Non-elevated per-user installations are blocked. Per-user elevated and per-machine installs are allowed."
In this case, "managed" means "deployed by Active Directory".
You'll need to get that policy changed before you can install a non-managed application.