Evaluation of sinx using infinite series

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evaluation of sinx using infinite series

What I have tried:

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

int main()
{
    int terms;
    int count=0;
    int sum = 0;int x;int n;
    printf("enter number of terms");
    scanf("%d",&terms);
    printf("enter value of x");
    scanf("%d",&x);
    while(count <= terms){

        n = 2*count+1;

        sum = sum + ((pow(-1,count))*(pow(x,n)/(fact(n))));
        count++;
    }
    printf("%d",sum);
    }
    int fact(int f){
    int number = 1;
    int product = 1;
    while(number<=f){

         product = number*product;
         number++;

    }
    return product;
}

Posted 14-Oct-18 2:01am

PAVAN KUMAR

Updated 15-Oct-18 21:55pm

Nelek

v2

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Comments

Mehdi Gholam 14-Oct-18 8:30am

... and what is your question (other than stating your homework)?

[no name] 14-Oct-18 8:46am

Don't use ints. These are real numbers. http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/aspnes/pinewiki/C(2f)FloatingPoint.html

Kornfeld Eliyahu Peter 14-Oct-18 16:49pm

Make it an answer - it is after all...

[no name] 15-Oct-18 5:19am

You should modify this post to make your question clear because so far there is no question. We may guess at your problem but there is no point to that.

2 solutions

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This content, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)

Daniel Pfeffer · Answer 1 · 2018-10-15T20:31:00

Using an infinite series to calculate a function will take a long time. Before doing so, ask yourself:

1. Is the function periodic? If so, reduce the argument to a single period.
2. Is it odd or even (f(x) == -f(-x) or f(x) == f(-x) )? If so, write the odd function as for example x*F(x^2), and the even function as for example G(x^2).
3. Are there any other attributes of the function that can help?

Once you have done that, you will find that only a finite number of elements are required to get the accuracy that you want.

Good luck!

CPallini · Answer 2 · 2018-10-15T21:56:00

Solution 2

As suggested, use doubles instead of int. Enjoy:

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

double fact(unsigned n)
{
  double result =1.0;
  unsigned int i;
  for (i=2; i<=n; ++i )
    result *= i;
  return result;
}

int main()
{
  unsigned terms;
  unsigned count=0;
  double result = 0.0;
  double angle;

  printf("enter number of terms ");
  scanf("%d",&terms);
  printf("enter value of x ");
  scanf("%lf",&angle);
  while(count <= terms)
  {
      double sign = count & 1 ? -1.0 : 1.0;
      unsigned n = 2*count+1;

      result += sign*(pow(angle,(double)n)/fact(n));
      count++;
  }
  double br = sin(angle);
  printf("approximation %g, builtin function result %g, difference  %5.2f%%", result, br, fabs(result-br)/br*100.0);
}

Posted 15-Oct-18 21:56pm

CPallini

Comments

Daniel Pfeffer 16-Oct-18 4:40am

This will be extremely inaccurate for even small values of x. You should at the very least use Horner's rule in order to evaluate the polynomial. See my solution for other considerations.

CPallini 16-Oct-18 5:34am

Did you actually try it?

Daniel Pfeffer 16-Oct-18 7:10am

1. pow(x, y) _may_ have an optimization for the case of integral y, but that is not guaranteed. Otherwise, it calculates exp(y*log(x)).
2. Even if the optimization exists, you will have between lg(n) and 2*lg(n) multiplications for _each_ power calculation, with all the associated errors and extra calculation.
3. Horner's rule - f(x) = (...((a[n]*x + a[n-1])*x + a[n-2])*x ...) +a[0] uses n multiplications and n additions to perform the calculation, which is both faster and more accurate.
4. A modern C or C++ compiler provides fma(). Using that reduces the calculation to n fma() operations, with a corresponding increase in accuracy.
5. There is also no need to recalculate the factorial at each stage. It may be calculated "for free" by setting a[2*k+1] = +/-1.0/(2*k*(2*k+1)), a[1] = 1.0.
6. Assuming x is even moderately large (say 100.0), your method will overflow well before you reach acceptable accuracy - you will need at least 150 elements (n = 300), and 300! will overflow well before you reach that.

CPallini 16-Oct-18 8:56am

What is 'x' you wrote at point (6)?
By the way, you didn't answer me.

Daniel Pfeffer 16-Oct-18 12:38pm

x is the argument to your sin() calculation.

No, I didn't run the code; merely looking at the way you implemented the power series is enough. Were any of my comments about the code incorrect? :)

CPallini 16-Oct-18 16:31pm

Your approach looks to me incorrect. The OP tried to implement the Taylor series and I helped on that very topic.
I guess your points could be valuable for the numeric experts. If I ever need sin(x) I use, well the builtin sin(x). And no, I usually don't provide 100 as argument to sin(x). Do you really mean 100 to be a small value of x? Nonsense.

Daniel Pfeffer 17-Oct-18 0:47am

When simulating many physical systems, you calculate sin(omega*t), where omega is frequency and t is time. These numbers can get quite big - well over 100.0.

As for your other point, we'll have to agree to disagree. :)

CPallini 17-Oct-18 3:23am

Agreed. :-D

Evaluation of sinx using infinite series

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Evaluation of sinx using infinite series

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