PHP and HTML 5 advice

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PHP

HTML5

Hi,
First apologies for the newbie nature of this question.

I'm a C++ software engineer and am moving into web development. The advice I've received so far is a decent solution to build a website (like The Code Project, for example) would be to use PHP with HTML 5.0.

A decent framework seemed to be CodeIgnitor so I ran through the tutorials and it seems pretty straightforward. The problem I'm having is organising stylesheets and page layouts.

All the tutorials seem to just describe how to get a button or a text edit control onto a page. They don't seem to talk about how to skin those or structure a page with layouts so the first question is:

1) Is there a decent tutorial / source code for this so I can learn all about it myself?

My background is C++ so I've always used a form editor (i.e. using Qt or MFC form layouts in Qt Creator or Visual Studio). The good point with those is it's straightforward to build pages. With Qt, for example, you can set a form's layout to horizontal and add widgets etc.

Also, with the CodeIgnitor tutorials they have html templates for the header and footer. My understanding is that you can have controls / widgets in both html and php code so...

2) What would be the benefits of both approaches? What is ideal?

Finally, given a page like The Code Project with the menu above and ability to post questions etc...

3) Would that primarily be built with PHP or HTML or something else?

Thanks, any advice is greatly appreciated and apologies for the vague-ness!