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Fast Algorithm for Building the Hasse Diagram of a Galois Lattice

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Artificial intelligence

This example is dedicated to make machines learn the concept Carnivorous animal

Why Carnivorous animals?

A Carnivorous animal is a concept because it is group of things that got a common attributes and these attributes are valid for every member of the group And you can't find a bigger group of common attributes for this group of things

So if mammals group is M

And common attributes group is C

Then the concept mammals is M, C

Example

If we can have another attributes group C1 and C1 attributes are common in all M members C1 > C

Then M, C IS NOT a concept

Another example let us say concept TABLE, because we already know that every table got one plane and 4 legs at least, but also Chair got one plane and 4 legs!

Now, we will not destroy concept TABLE but we will say Chair is negative example

Because it got 4 legs and it is not a TABLE, and coffee table is positive example

Because it got 4 legs and it is a TABLE

See if we can make our program understands concept TABLE then we can make the antivirus understands concept Malicious Code

And we will not need to give the program any clever Semantic; the program should understand what is happening by itself

We will supply the positive and negative examples and let the program learn

The concept, after that we will ask the program about something, and it will answer us, and will give us the reason of its answer

We can supervise the learning by correcting system answers but I didn't get so far with the code

Valid concept we say concept M, C is valid {where M is objects, C is attributes} If it contains enough positive examples what is enough? We will get to that later

Coherent concept we say that valid concept is Coherent if it has no negative examples, and because it is difficult to find a Coherent concept we say

Semi Coherent has a very little amount of negative examples

Pertinent concept valid and Semi Coherent concept is called Pertinent concept

The Biggest Pertinent concepts Now you can guess, we are looking for

Benefits unlike neural networks, version space does not need a lot of positive and negative examples to learn And as you will see Bordat is capable of justification but NN can't

Definition of attributes' values

Because the network that we are going to build is a binary one, then the

Attributes' values belong to {0, 1}

And the attributes that will be supplied by new data table

Should be chosen carefully, so the attributes must be comprehensive and sufficient

And you should take enough time to make new data table because a big data table will make the program hang

The program constants

Because your table will be probably small to make learn process faster you should give small proper values for Alpha, Beta, Theta _Alpha, Theta _Beta

What do they do?

Alpha, Beta are the limits mentioned in the next PDF file that will control

Function "validity" which will judge concepts as we mentioned above

Theta _Alpha, Theta _Beta are used in decision system to accept or refuse objects

They are set according to the number of total attributes in the table And

They are extremely sensitive to the number of the resulted proper attributes

When we finish learning we will reach ideal attributes for our concepts

Identifying objects

The new objects will be offered by the user who will tell us the attributes

Of his objects We will compare his attributes with our ideal attributes

That we got from BORDAT, so we will use counter variable

Iteration will scan the user attributes and compare each one with ours

When they match we increase the counter

When they are different we decrease the counter

After this iteration we will compare our counter with Theta_Alpha

And Theta_Beta

If the counter is smaller than Theta_Beta limit to reject the odd objects then the user object doesn't belong to our concept

If the counter is bigger than Theta_Alpha limit to accept the familiar objects then the user object belongs to our concept

Otherwise we can't tell if the object is odd or familiar this is called

System silence

Now you can imagine this situation you put small table to make learning faster

And because attributes are not that much, a big Theta_Beta value will cause the program to reject all objects and a small Theta_Alpha will make the program

Accept all objects

Changing Alpha, Beta values will change Bordat's behavior

Huge Alpha will make all concepts not valid, and negative beta will not let any

Concept to be valid and solid

I think it is clever not to play with their values

Simply, how does Bordat work?

The input is a table of objects and attributes

The major concept is All objects, No attributes, we will start with that

Because we already know that there is no shared attributes between the objects, and if there are shared attributes then it is better to drop them because they are neutral and they will not help learning the concept

We will calculate the closure of objects group conceder its cardinal is n

STAR

We will seek concepts in subgroups whose cardinal is n1

for each valid and semi coherent concept put HASSE connection between the major concept father and that new concept sun

For each valid concept recursively repeat STAR so we can seek possible valid and semi coherent concepts in its sons

We stop when there are no more suns to generate from all fathers

Optimized Bordat

You can see that Bordat has this problem

If I generated the suns of some node X and we reached a son Z which is

Considered as pertinent concept although it is a son of another pertinent father Y

Y and X are from the same level and we didn't generate sons of Y because it is pertinent

So Z is not "biggest pertinent" because there is Y Y>Z and Y is pertinent

To solve this declare public array, it will contain the biggest pertinent concepts

And every time we find a new pertinent concept we will compare it with the elements of the array, if it is not contained in any concept of this array we will add it to the array, if it is contained in some concept of this array, we will not generate its sons

In our implementation we will not draw HASSE diagram but we will seek proper

Attributes that will identify user concepts, and in our way we will see a list of constructed concepts

Future development

Justification

By comparing proper attributes with the given attributes the new object

And justifying program's behavior when object belongs mention the shared

Attributes between "Proper attributes" group and "given attributes" group

When object doesn't belong mention the Attributes in "Proper attributes" group that doesn't belong to "given attributes" group

Fuzzy logic

It is possible to use fuzzy attributes in our learning, like to describe "Reputation"

Attribute of object "Customer", we will say "Very good" or

"Extremely bad" classification application, of course we must change function

Validity and other related things

In short description, some attributes can't be answered in the classical logic space

How to use the code

One important condition is the formation of data files

The first line of the table will be used as Attributes' names

The first column will be used as objects' names

A spaces column should precede every new column, so words in every row are always separated by one space or more

The data file format most be *RTF, below are the buttons' uses

Load data

Import data from a file first step

Set + objects

Confirm your choice of positive and negative examples in the list box

Save table

Saves a new user table in a file

Set Alpha Beta Theta's values

Set new values for constants values

Start Bordat

The program will use Bordat to learn your table

Ask about learned concept

The program will ask you to choose an object by defining its list of attributes

What is this?

It will give the judge of system about your object

Note exe icon is 48 x 48 so it may not appear in your desktop till you enable large icons not necessary in vista

License

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Comments and Discussions

 
Generalabout constants Pin
David Bazan19-Mar-07 2:18
David Bazan19-Mar-07 2:18 
GeneralRe: about constants Pin
Alaa Jubran19-Mar-07 4:09
Alaa Jubran19-Mar-07 4:09 

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