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<h1>rrdtutorial</h1>
<h2><script type="text/javascript">
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</script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
</script><a name=IDESCRIPTION id=IDESCRIPTION></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IDESCRIPTION'>DESCRIPTION</span></a></h2>
<h2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>This tutorial was originally created by Alex van den Bogaerdt <a
href="mailto:alex@ergens.op.het.net"><b><span style='color:red'>alex@ergens.op.het.net</span></b></a>,
and I am very greatful because this was the tutorial that I used to first
become familiar with RRDTool several years ago..Please note, not a single
line of Alex�s text has been modified, however since this tutorial was so
helpful for me, it seemed appropriate that I use it as a baseline to
introduce a new open source .Net / Mono C# provider for RRDtool, called
�NHawk�. That is, �N� as in .Net and �Hawk�, becuase<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>adult hawks consume<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>robins as in �hooks� for RRDtool.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>Perhaps a bit corny, but I found the name
to be rather fitting at the time.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�
</span>Thanks to Rob Buhler (my friend and colleague) for helping come up
with the name. <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>All NHawk related text is colored </span><u><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:red'>red </span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red;
font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>to help make the distinction
between Alex�s tutorial and that pertaining to NHawk.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p>RRDtool is written by Tobias Oetiker <tobi@oetiker.ch> with
contributions from many people all around the world. This document is written
by Alex van den Bogaerdt <alex@ergens.op.het.net> to help you
understand what RRDtool is and what it can do for you.</p>
<p>The documentation provided with RRDtool can be too technical for some
people. This tutorial is here to help you understand the basics of RRDtool.
It should prepare you to read the documentation yourself. It also explains
the general things about statistics with a focus on networking.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h2><a name=ITUTORIAL id=ITUTORIAL></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:ITUTORIAL'>TUTORIAL</span></a><o:p></o:p></h2>
<h3><a name=IImportant id=IImportant></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IImportant'>Important</span></a></h3>
<p>Please don't skip ahead in this document! The first part of this document explains
the basics and may be boring. But if you don't understand the basics, the
examples will not be as meaningful to you.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><a name="IWhat_is_RRDtool_" id="IWhat_is_RRDtool_"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_is_RRDtool_'>What
is RRDtool?</span></a></h3>
<p>RRDtool refers to Round Robin Database tool. Round robin is a technique
that works with a fixed amount of data, and a pointer to the current element.
Think of a circle with some dots plotted on the edge -- these dots are the
places where data can be stored. Draw an arrow from the center of the circle to
one of the dots -- this is the pointer. When the current data is read or
written, the pointer moves to the next element. As we are on a circle there
is neither a beginning nor an end, you can go on and on and on. After a
while, all the available places will be used and the process automatically
reuses old locations. This way, the dataset will not grow in size and
therefore requires no maintenance. RRDtool works with with Round Robin
Databases (RRDs). It stores and retrieves data from them.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><a name="IWhat_data_can_be_put_into_an_RRD_"
id="IWhat_data_can_be_put_into_an_RRD_"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_data_can_be_put_into_an_RRD_'>What
data can be put into an RRD?</span></a></h3>
<p>You name it, it will probably fit as long as it is some sort of
time-series data. This means you have to be able to measure some value at
several points in time and provide this information to RRDtool. If you can do
this, RRDtool will be able to store it. The values must be numerical but
don't have to be integers, as is the case with MRTG (the next section will
give more details on this more specialized application).</p>
<p>Many examples below talk about SNMP which is an acronym for Simple Network
Management Protocol. "Simple" refers to the protocol -- it does not
mean it is simple to manage or monitor a network. After working your way
through this document, you should know enough to be able to understand what
people are talking about. For now, just realize that SNMP can be used to
query devices for the values of counters they keep. It is the value from
those counters that we want to store in the RRD.</p>
<h3><script type="text/javascript">
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</script><a name="IWhat_can_I_do_with_this_tool_"
id="IWhat_can_I_do_with_this_tool_"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_can_I_do_with_this_tool_'>What
can I do with this tool?</span></a></h3>
<p>RRDtool originated from MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher). MRTG started
as a tiny little script for graphing the use of a university's connection to
the Internet. MRTG was later (ab-)used as a tool for graphing other data
sources including temperature, speed, voltage, number of printouts and the
like.</p>
<p>Most likely you will start to use RRDtool to store and process data
collected via SNMP. The data will most likely be bytes (or bits) transfered from
and to a network or a computer. But it can also be used to display tidal
waves, solar radiation, power consumption, number of visitors at an
exhibition, noise levels near an airport, temperature on your favorite
holiday location, temperature in the fridge and whatever you imagination can
come up with.</p>
<p>You only need a sensor to measure the data and be able to feed the numbers
into RRDtool. RRDtool then lets you create a database, store data in it,
retrieve that data and create graphs in <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>
format for display on a web browser. Those <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>
images are dependent on the data you collected and could be, for instance, an
overview of the average network usage, or the peaks that occurred.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><a name="IWhat_if_I_still_have_problems_after_rea"
id="IWhat_if_I_still_have_problems_after_reading_this_document_"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_if_I_still_have_problems_after_rea'>What if I still have problems after
reading this document?</span></a></h3>
<p>First of all: read it again! You may have missed something. If you are
unable to compile the sources and you have a fairly common OS, it will
probably not be the fault of RRDtool. There may be pre-compiled versions
around on the Internet. If they come from trusted sources, get one of those.</p>
<p>If on the other hand the program works but does not give you the expected
results, it will be a problem with configuring it. Review your configuration
and compare it with the examples that follow.</p>
<p>There is a mailing list and an archive of it. Read the list for a few
weeks and search the archive. It is considered rude to just ask a question
without searching the archives: your problem may already have been solved for
somebody else! This is true for most, if not all, mailing lists and not only
for this particular one. Look in the documentation that came with RRDtool for
the location and usage of the list.</p>
<p>I suggest you take a moment to subscribe to the mailing list right now by sending
an email to <rrd-users-request@lists.oetiker.ch> with a subject of
"subscribe". If you ever want to leave this list, just write an
email to the same address but now with a subject of "unsubscribe".<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><a name="IHow_will_you_help_me_" id="IHow_will_you_help_me_"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
IHow_will_you_help_me_'>How will you help me?</span></a></h3>
<p>By giving you some detailed descriptions with detailed examples. I assume
that following the instructions in the order presented will give you enough
knowledge of RRDtool to experiment for yourself. If it doesn't work the first
time, don't give up. Reread the stuff that you did understand, you may have
missed something.</p>
<p>By following the examples you get some hands-on experience and, even more
important, some background information of how it works.</p>
<p>You will need to know something about hexadecimal numbers. If you don't
then start with reading <a
href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\corleym\Desktop\bin_dec_hex.en.html">bin_dec_hex</a>
before you continue here.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><a name="IYour_first_Round_Robin_Database"
id="IYour_first_Round_Robin_Database"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IYour_first_Round_Robin_Database'>Your
first Round Robin Database</span></a></h3>
<p>In my opinion the best way to learn something is to actually do it. Why
not start right now? We will create a database, put some values in it and
extract this data again. Your output should be the same as the output that is
included in this document.</p>
<p>We will start with some easy stuff and compare a car with a router, or
compare kilometers (miles if you wish) with bits and bytes. It's all the
same: some number over some time.</p>
<p>Assume we have a device that transfers bytes to and from the Internet.
This device keeps a counter that starts at zero when it is turned on,
increasing with every byte that is transfered. This counter will probably
have a maximum value. If this value is reached and an extra byte is counted,
the counter starts over at zero. This is the same as many counters in the
world such as the mileage counter in a car.</p>
<p>Most discussions about networking talk about bits per second so lets get
used to that right away. Assume a byte is eight bits and start to think in
bits not bytes. The counter, however, still counts bytes! In the SNMP world
most of the counters are 32 bits. That means they are counting from 0 to
4'294'967'295. We will use these values in the examples. The device, when
asked, returns the current value of the counter. We know the time that has
passes since we last asked so we now know how many bytes have been transfered
***on average*** per second. This is not very hard to calculate. First in
words, then in calculations:</p>
<ol start=1 type=1>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list .5in'>Take the current
counter, subtract the previous value from it.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list .5in'>Do the same with the
current time and the previous time (in seconds).</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list .5in'>Divide the outcome
of (1) by the outcome of (2), the result is the amount of bytes per
second. Multiply by eight to get the number of bits per second (bps).</li>
</ol>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>bps = (counter_now - counter_before) / (time_now - time_before) * 8</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
some people it may help to translate this to an automobile example. Do not
try this example, and if you do, don't blame me for the results!</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>People
who are not used to think in kilometers per hour can translate most into
miles per hour by dividing km by 1.6 (close enough). I will use the following
abbreviations:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> M:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>meter</pre><pre> KM:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>kilometer (= 1'000 meters).</pre><pre> H:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>hour</pre><pre> S:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>second</pre><pre> KM/H: kilometers per hour</pre><pre> M/S:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>meters per second</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>You
are driving a car. At 12:05 you read the counter in the dashboard and it
tells you that the car has moved 12'345 KM until that moment. At 12:10 you
look again, it reads 12'357 KM. This means you have traveled 12 KM in five
minutes. A scientist would translate that into meters per second and this
makes a nice comparison toward the problem of (bytes per five minutes) versus
(bits per second).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
traveled 12 kilometers which is 12'000 meters. We did that in five minutes or
300 seconds. Our speed is 12'000M / 300S or 40 M/S.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
could also calculate the speed in KM/H: 12 times 5 minutes is an hour, so we
have to multiply 12 KM by 12 to get 144 KM/H. For our native English speaking
friends: that's 90 <st1:stockticker>MPH</st1:stockticker> so don't try this
example at home or where I live :)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Remember:
these numbers are averages only. There is no way to figure out from the
numbers, if you drove at a constant speed. There is an example later on in
this tutorial that explains this.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>I
hope you understand that there is no difference in calculating M/S or bps;
only the way we collect the data is different. Even the K from kilo is the
same as in networking terms k also means 1'000.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
will now create a database where we can keep all these interesting numbers.
The method used to start the program may differ slightly from OS to OS, but I
assume you can figure it out if it works different on your's. Make sure you
do not overwrite any file on your system when executing the following command
and type the whole line as one long line (I had to split it for readability)
and skip all of the '\' characters.</p>
<pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool create test.rrd<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>--start 920804400<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:speed:COUNTER:600:U:U<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:10</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute;margin-left:.85pt;margin-top:28.4pt;
width:440.45pt;height:379.95pt;z-index:1;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
absolute;z-index:1;margin-left:0px;margin-top:37px;width:589px;height:508px'><img
width=589 height=508 src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034"></span><![endif]>(So
enter: <code><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>rrdtool create test.rrd --start
920804400 DS ...</span></code>)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:
yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span><span style='color:red'>Note:</span></span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:
yes'> before you begin with Nhawk you need to either add the<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>RRDtool executable to the path statement
or set RRDCommandPath to <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>location of the RRDTool executable as
shown below.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>Failure to do <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>so will result in an �RRDtool Not Found�
RRDCommandException.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>Setting the RRDCommandPath needs to be
done only once in the <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>initialization section of a client
program.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red;
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span><u>Example Usage:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>NHawkCommand.Instance.RRDCommandPath
=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���
</span>@"c:\downloads\rrdtool\release\rrdtool.exe";<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������ </span>-- for win32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>NHawkCommand.Instance.RRDCommandPath =
"/usr/bin/rrdtool"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������ </span>-- Linux<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u>NHAWK (C#) Syntax </u><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><a
name="IWhat_has_been_created_"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>RRD</span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> rrd1 = </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRD</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"test.rrd"</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>,
920804400);</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.addDS(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DS</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"speed"</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DS</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span style='color:#2B91AF'>TYPE</span>.COUNTER, 600, <span
style='color:#2B91AF'>DS</span>.U, <span style='color:#2B91AF'>DS</span>.U))
;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.addRRA(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE,
0.5, 1, 24));<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-bookmark:
IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.addRRA(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE,
0.5, 6, 10));<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.create(</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>true</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";font-weight:normal;
mso-no-proof:yes'>);</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><span
style='font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'></span><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IWhat_has_been_created_'>What
has been created?</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
created the round robin database called test (test.rrd) which starts at noon
the day I started writing this document, 7th of March, 1999 (this date
translates to 920'804'400 seconds as explained below). Our database holds one
data source (DS) named "speed" that represents a counter. This
counter is read every five minutes (this is the default therefore you don't
have to put <code><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>--step=300</span></code>).
In the same database two round robin archives (RRAs) are kept, one averages
the data every time it is read (e.g., there's nothing to average) and keeps
24 samples (24 times 5 minutes is 2 hours). The other averages 6 values (half
hour) and contains 10 such averages (e.g. 5 hours).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>RRDtool
works with special time stamps coming from the UNIX world. This time stamp is
the number of seconds that passed since January 1st 1970 UTC. The time stamp
value is translated into local time and it will therefore look different for
different time zones.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Chances
are that you are not in the same part of the world as I am. This means your
time zone is different. In all examples where I talk about time, the hours
may be wrong for you. This has little effect on the results of the examples,
just correct the hours while reading. As an example: where I will see
"12:05" the UK folks will see "11:05".</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
now have to fill our database with some numbers. We'll pretend to have read
the following numbers:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> 12:05<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12345 KM</pre><pre> 12:10<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12357 KM</pre><pre> 12:15<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12363 KM</pre><pre> 12:20<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12363 KM</pre><pre> 12:25<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12363 KM</pre><pre> 12:30<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12373 KM</pre><pre> 12:35<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12383 KM</pre><pre> 12:40<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12393 KM</pre><pre> 12:45<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12399 KM</pre><pre> 12:50<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12405 KM</pre><pre> 12:55<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12411 KM</pre><pre> 13:00<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12415 KM</pre><pre> 13:05<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12420 KM</pre><pre> 13:10<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12422 KM</pre><pre> 13:15<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12423 KM</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
fill the database as follows:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> rrdtool update test.rrd 920804700:12345 920805000:12357 920805300:12363</pre><pre> rrdtool update test.rrd 920805600:12363 920805900:12363 920806200:12373</pre><pre> rrdtool update test.rrd 920806500:12383 920806800:12393 920807100:12399</pre><pre> rrdtool update test.rrd 920807400:12405 920807700:12411 920808000:12415</pre><pre> rrdtool update test.rrd 920808300:12420 920808600:12422 920808900:12423</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
reads: update our test database with the following numbers</p>
<pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>time 920804700, value 12345</pre><pre> time 920805000, value 12357</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1041" style='position:absolute;margin-left:.85pt;margin-top:27.1pt;
width:1381.55pt;height:393.05pt;z-index:6;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
absolute;z-index:6;margin-left:0px;margin-top:35px;width:1844px;height:526px'><img
width=1844 height=526 src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041"></span><![endif]>etcetera.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><span style='color:#FF6600'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>NHAWK (C#) Syntax<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span></span></u></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><u><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#FF6600'><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>NHawk provides a means
to update an RRD by packing expected DS (data source) arguments into an array
of type object or string.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>One of the
following C# method overloads should be used. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>Note: the version
with type object is explictly casted (internally) to string as the update
command is serialized and sent to rrdtool for processing. The intent is to
save you from having to explictly cast (whenever possible). When<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>not possible you�ll
have use the string version.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>Aside
from that, both methods are equivalent.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.update(920804700,
<span style='color:blue'>new</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> </span><span
style='color:blue'>object</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>[] {
12345 });</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.update(920804700, <span
style='color:blue'>new</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> </span><span
style='color:blue'>string</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>[] {
�12345� });<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>string[] args = new string[1];<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>args[0] = �12345�;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrd1.update(920804700, args<span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>});<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>The (current) serialized update string can
be retrieved by calling: �rrd1.CurrentUpdateStr� as in the example below:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>Console</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.WriteLine(<span
style='color:#A31515'>"{0}"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>, rrd1.CurrentUpdateStr);<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>Resulting in the following console output�<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrdtool
update test.rrd 920804700:12345 <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>Note:
�CurrentUpdateStr� should be called after each call to: �</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>rrd1.update(�)�,
because serialization is done there</span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>As
you can see, it is possible to feed more than one value into the database in
one command. I had to stop at three for readability but the real maximum per
line is OS dependent.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
can now retrieve the data from our database using "rrdtool fetch":</p>
<pre>rrdtool fetch test.rrd AVERAGE --start 920804400 --end 920809200</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>It
should return the following output:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������������� </span>speed</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> 920804700: nan</pre><pre> 920805000: 4.0000000000e-02</pre><pre> 920805300: 2.0000000000e-02</pre><pre> 920805600: 0.0000000000e+00</pre><pre> 920805900: 0.0000000000e+00</pre><pre> 920806200: 3.3333333333e-02</pre><pre> 920806500: 3.3333333333e-02</pre><pre> 920806800: 3.3333333333e-02</pre><pre> 920807100: 2.0000000000e-02</pre><pre> 920807400: 2.0000000000e-02</pre><pre> 920807700: 2.0000000000e-02</pre><pre> 920808000: 1.3333333333e-02</pre><pre> 920808300: 1.6666666667e-02</pre><pre> 920808600: 6.6666666667e-03</pre><pre> 920808900: 3.3333333333e-03</pre><pre> 920809200: nan</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
it doesn't, something may be wrong. Perhaps your OS will print
"NaN" in a different form. "NaN" stands for "Not A
Number". If your OS writes "U" or "UNKN" or
something similar that's okay. If something else is wrong, it will probably
be due to an error you made (assuming that my tutorial is correct of course
:-). In that case: delete the database and try again. Sometimes things
change. This example used to provide numbers like "0.04" in stead
of "4.00000e-02". Those are really the same numbers, just written
down differently. Don't be alarmed if a future version of rrdtool displays a
slightly different form of output. The examples in this document are correct
for version 1.2.0 of RRDtool.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
meaning of the above output will become clear below.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="ITime_to_create_some_graphics" id="ITime_to_create_some_graphics"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
ITime_to_create_some_graphics'>Time to create some graphics</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Try
the following command:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> rrdtool graph speed.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>--start 920804400 --end 920808000<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span><st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>2:myspeed#FF0000</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;margin-left:-.85pt;margin-top:.85pt;
width:432.85pt;height:132.15pt;z-index:3;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
relative;z-index:3;left:-2px;top:0px;width:579px;height:178px'><img
width=579 height=178 src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038"></span><![endif]><o:p> </o:p></pre><br
style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u>NHAWK (C#) Syntax </u><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>GRAPH</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> gr1 = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:
yes'>new</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"speed.png"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920804400"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920808000"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>);</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr1.addDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"myspeed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"test.rrd"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"speed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr1.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>LINE</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(2, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"myspeed"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Red));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr1.graph();<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
will create speed.png which starts at 12:00 and ends at 13:00. There is a
definition of a variable called myspeed, using the data from RRA
"speed" out of database "test.rrd". The line drawn is 2
pixels high and represents the variable myspeed. The color is red (specified
by its rgb-representation, see below).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>You'll
notice that the start of the graph is not at 12:00 but at 12:05. This is
because we have insufficient data to tell the average before that time. This
will only happen when you miss some samples, this will not happen a lot,
hopefully.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
this has worked: congratulations! If not, check what went wrong.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
colors are built up from red, green and blue. For each of the components, you
specify how much to use in hexadecimal where 00 means not included and FF
means fully included. The "color" white is a mixture of red, green
and blue: FFFFFF The "color" black is all colors off: 000000</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>red<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>#FF0000</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>green<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>#00FF00</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>blue<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>#0000FF</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>magenta #FF00FF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>(mixed red with blue)</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>gray<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>#555555<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>(one third of all components)</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Additionally
you can add an alpha channel (transparency). The default will be
"FF" which means non-transparent.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
<st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker> you just created can be displayed
using your favorite image viewer. Web browsers will display the <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>
via the URL "file:///the/path/to/speed.png"<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IGraphics_with_some_math" id="IGraphics_with_some_math"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
IGraphics_with_some_math'>Graphics with some math</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>When
looking at the image, you notice that the horizontal axis is labeled 12:10,
12:20, 12:30, 12:40 and 12:50. Sometimes a label doesn't fit (12:00 and 13:00
would be candidates) so they are skipped.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
vertical axis displays the range we entered. We provided kilometers and when
divided by 300 seconds, we get very small numbers. To be exact, the first
value was 12 (12'357-12'345) and divided by 300 this makes 0.04, which is
displayed by RRDtool as "40 m" meaning "40/1'000". The
"m" (milli) has nothing to do with meters, kilometers or
millimeters! RRDtool doesn't know about the physical units of our data, it
just works with dimensionless numbers.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
we had measured our distances in meters, this would have been
(12'357'000-12'345'000)/300 = 12'000/300 = 40.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>As
most people have a better feel for numbers in this range, we'll correct that.
We could recreate our database and store the correct data, but there is a
better way: we do some calculations while creating the png file!</p>
<pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool graph speed2.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804400 --end 920808000<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--vertical-label m/s<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:realspeed=myspeed,1000,\*<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>2:realspeed#FF0000</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1pt;margin-top:-2.55pt;
width:388.8pt;height:138.55pt;z-index:2;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:
relative;z-index:2'><span style='position:absolute;left:0px;top:-4px;
width:521px;height:186px'><img width=521 height=186
src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036"></span></span><![endif]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><u>NHAWK (C#) Syntax </u><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>GRAPH</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> gr2 = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:
yes'>new</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"speed2.png"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920804400"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920808000"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>);</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr2.yaxislabel = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"m/s"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>;</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr2.addDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"myspeed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, rrd1, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"speed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr2.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"realspeed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"myspeed,1000,*"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr2.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>LINE</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(2,</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"realspeed"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Red));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr2.graph();</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='color:red'><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Note:
Make sure not to forget the backslash \ in front of the multiplication operator
* above. The backslash is needed to "escape" the * as some
operating systems might interpret and expand * instead of passing it to the
rrdtool command.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
style='color:red'>Note:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>NHAWK doesn�t
need to use the \ in front because the �*� are already escaped in internally<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>After
viewing this <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>, you notice the
"m" (milli) has disappeared. This it what the correct result would
be. Also, a label has been added to the image. Apart from the things
mentioned above, the <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker> should look the
same.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
calculations are specified in the CDEF part above and are in Reverse Polish
Notation ("RPN"). What we requested RRDtool to do is: "take
the data source myspeed and the number 1000; multiply those". Don't
bother with RPN yet, it will be explained later on in more detail. Also, you
may want to read my tutorial on CDEFs and Steve Rader's tutorial on RPN. But
first finish this tutorial.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Hang
on! If we can multiply values with 1'000, it should also be possible to
display kilometers per hour from the same data!</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>To
change a value that is measured in meters per second:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Calculate meters per hour:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>value * 3'600</pre><pre> Calculate kilometers per hour: value / 1'000</pre><pre> Together this makes:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������� </span>value * (3'600/1'000) or value * 3.6</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>In
our example database we made a mistake and we need to compensate for this by
multiplying with 1'000. Applying that correction:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> value * 3.6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>* 1'000 == value * 3'600</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Now
let's create this <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>, and add some more
magic ...</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> rrdtool graph speed3.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804400 --end 920808000<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--vertical-label km/h<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>"CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,*"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������</span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:good=kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>HRULE:100#0000FF:"Maximum allowed"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:good#00FF00:"Good speed"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:fast#FF0000:"Too fast"</pre><pre><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1039" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1.7pt;margin-top:1.65pt;
width:432.15pt;height:232.1pt;z-index:4;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left>
<tr>
<td width=1 height=1></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img width=578 height=312 src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image001.gif"
v:shapes="_x0000_s1039"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><o:p> </o:p></pre><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout'
clear=ALL>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><u>NHAWK (C#) Syntax </u><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>GRAPH</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> gr3 = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:
yes'>new</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"speed3.png"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920804400"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920808000"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>);</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.yaxislabel = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"km/h"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>;</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"myspeed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, rrd1, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"speed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"kmh"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"myspeed,3600,*"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"fast"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"good"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>HRULE</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"100"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Blue, <span
style='color:#A31515'>"Maximum allowed"</span><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"good"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Green, <span style='color:#A31515'>"good
speed"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"fast"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Red, <span style='color:#A31515'>"Too
fast"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr3.graph();</span></pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Note:
here we use another means to escape the * operator by enclosing the whole
string in double quotes.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
graph looks much better. Speed is shown in KM/H and there is even an extra
line with the maximum allowed speed (on the road I travel on). I also changed
the colors used to display speed and changed it from a line into an area.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
calculations are more complex now. For speed measurements within the speed
limit they are:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>Check if kmh is greater than 100<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>( kmh,100 ) GT</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>If so, return 0, else kmh<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������</span>((( kmh,100 ) GT ), 0, kmh) IF</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
values above the speed limit:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>Check if kmh is greater than 100<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>( kmh,100 ) GT</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>If so, return kmh, else return 0<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>((( kmh,100) GT ), kmh, 0) IF<o:p></o:p></pre>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IGraphics_Magic" id="IGraphics_Magic"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IGraphics_Magic'>Graphics
Magic</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>I
like to believe there are virtually no limits to how RRDtool graph can
manipulate data. I will not explain how it works, but look at the following <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker>:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool graph speed4.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804400 --end 920808000<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--vertical-label km/h<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>"CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,*"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������������� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,100,0,IF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:over=kmh,100,GT,kmh,100,-,0,IF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:good=kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>HRULE:100#0000FF:"Maximum allowed"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:good#00FF00:"Good speed"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:fast#550000:"Too fast"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>STACK:over#FF0000:"Over speed"</pre><pre><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;margin-left:1.7pt;margin-top:5.6pt;
width:432.15pt;height:278.2pt;z-index:5;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-vertical:absolute' fillcolor="red" strokecolor="red">
<v:fill opacity="12452f"/>
</v:rect><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left>
<tr>
<td width=1 height=6></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><img width=578 height=373 src="rrdtutorial.en_files/image002.gif"
v:shapes="_x0000_s1040"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><![endif]><o:p> </o:p></pre><br style='mso-ignore:vglayout'
clear=ALL>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span><u>NHAWK (C#) Syntax </u><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>GRAPH</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> gr4 = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:
yes'>new</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"speed4.png"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920804400"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"920808000"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>);</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.yaxislabel = </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"km/h"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>;</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>DEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"myspeed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, rrd1, </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"speed"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>RRA</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.<span
style='color:#2B91AF'>CF</span>.AVERAGE));<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"kmh"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"myspeed,3600,*"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"fast"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"over"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"kmh,100,GT,kmh,100,-,0,IF"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addCDEF(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>CDEF</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"good"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>));</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>HRULE</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"100"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Blue, <span
style='color:#A31515'>"Maximum allowed"</span><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"good"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Green, <span style='color:#A31515'>"Good
speed"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"fast"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Brown, <span style='color:#A31515'>"Too
fast"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.addGELEM(</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span><st1:stockticker><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:yes'>"over"</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Color</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Red, <span style='color:#A31515'>"Over
speed"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>,</span><span
style='color:blue'>true</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>));</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>gr4.graph();</span></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><u><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:red'>A little more on NHAWK features<o:p></o:p></span></u></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='color:red'>Note:
the NHAWK code line</span> : <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>gr4.addGELEM(</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:
yes'>new</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></i><st1:stockticker><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;
mso-no-proof:yes'>AREA</span></i></st1:stockticker><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>"over"</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'>, </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:
yes'>Color</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.Red, <span
style='color:#A31515'>"Over speed"</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>,</span><span style='color:blue'>true</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'>));</span></span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������������� </span><span
style='color:red'>is semantically equivalent to:</span></span> <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>STACK:over#FF0000:"Over speed"</i> </pre>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������������� </span>NHAWK is using the
newer syntactic constructs, as the STACK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������������� </span>construct as graphing
element is now deprecated in RRDTool 1.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='color:red'>*** A Couple of additional NHAWK graph features: Serialization and Deserialization <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'>of graphs.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>All NHAWK constructs are built as composite structures, in which each the contract states that each construct knows how to Serialize, Deserialize, and DeepClone itself.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>In other words, a higher level construct (such as the GRAPH class) would serialize itself by asking all of its composed constructs to serialize themselves. Here we give an example for GRAPH class.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> gr5 = </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:blue;mso-no-proof:yes'>new</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;
mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>(gr4.ToString(), </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:#A31515;mso-no-proof:
yes'>".\\"</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>); </span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Console</span><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>.WriteLine(<span style='color:#A31515'>"{0}"</span><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>, gr5.ToString());<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>The above code snippet performs the following operations<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre
style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo24'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>graph object g4 is serialized and passed to the GRAPH class<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre
style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>deserialization (promotion) constructor. <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre
style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo24'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>graph object g5 is instantiated by deserialing the serialized form<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre
style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>of object g4.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre
style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo24'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>object g5 is serialized and written to the console out<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>The above snippet results in the following output to the console:<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>graph speed4.png --start 920804400 --end
920808000<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>--vertical-label "km/h"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>DEF:myspeed=test.rrd:speed:AVERAGE <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>CDEF:kmh=myspeed,3600,* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>CDEF:fast=kmh,100,GT,kmh,0,IF
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>CDEF:over=kmh,100,GT,kmh,100,-,0,IF<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>CDEF:good=kmh,100,GT,0,kmh,IF<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>HRULE:100#0000FF:"Maximum allowed"
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span></span><st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>:good#008000:"Good
speed" <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span></span><st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>:fast#A52A2A:"Too
fast"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:red'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span></span><st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>AREA</span></st1:stockticker><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";color:red'>:over#FF0000:"Over
speed"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> Now a little bit on DeepCloning�<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='color:red;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-no-proof:yes'> gr6 = </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Courier New";color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-no-proof:yes'>.DeepClone(gr5);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span></span><span
style='color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>Console</span><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'>.WriteLine(<span style='color:#A31515'>"\n{0}"</span><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>, gr6.ToString());<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>Here object gr6 is a (new memory) copy of gr5.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>All NHAWK amounts to<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>is a whole load of parsing, and therefore every aggregated class member is<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>either a string or a value type.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>Value types are deep copied by default,<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>and although string is a reference type, NHAWK uses temporary StringBuilders<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>to return newly constructed (new memory) string objects.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>This could prove<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>useful, because it provides a limited way to preserve object identity in an<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>object model (shallow reference) which works on premise of not having<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>object identity.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'>And just for completeness� the below code snippet shows the usual shallow copy<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:#2B91AF;mso-no-proof:yes'>GRAPH</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> gr7 = gr6;<span style='color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><b><u><span
style='color:red;mso-no-proof:yes'>*** End of NHAWK Tutorial for now:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>Mike Corley: 07/21/08 ***<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></pre><pre><span
style='color:red;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes'> </span>Let's create a quick and dirty HTML page to view the three PNGs:<span
style='color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Speed</TITLE></HEAD><BODY></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><<st1:stockticker>IMG</st1:stockticker> src="speed2.png" alt="Speed in meters per second"></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><BR></pre><pre> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��</span><<st1:stockticker>IMG</st1:stockticker> src="speed3.png" alt="Speed in kilometers per hour"></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><BR></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><<st1:stockticker>IMG</st1:stockticker> src="speed4.png" alt="Traveled too fast?"></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span></BODY></HTML></pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Name
the file "speed.html" or similar, and look at it in your web
browser.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Now,
all you have to do is measure the values regularly and update the database.
When you want to view the data, recreate the PNGs and make sure to refresh
them in your browser. (Note: just clicking reload may not be enough,
especially when proxies are involved. Try shift-reload or ctrl-F5).<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IUpdates_in_Reality" id="IUpdates_in_Reality"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IUpdates_in_Reality'>Updates
in Reality</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We've
already used the <code><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>update</span></code>
command: it took one or more parameters in the form of
"<time>:<value>". You'll be glad to know that you can
specify the current time by filling in a "N" as the time. Or you
could use the "time" function in Perl (the shortest example in this
tutorial):</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>perl -e 'print time, "\n" '</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>How
to run a program on regular intervals is OS specific. But here is an example
in pseudo code:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>- Get the value and put it in variable "$speed"</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>- rrdtool update speed.rrd N:$speed</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>(do
not try this with our test database, we'll use it in further examples)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
is all. Run the above script every five minutes. When you need to know what
the graphs look like, run the examples above. You could put them in a script
as well. After running that script, view the page index.html we created
above.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="ISome_words_on_SNMP" id="ISome_words_on_SNMP"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:ISome_words_on_SNMP'>Some
words on SNMP</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>I
can imagine very few people that will be able to get real data from their car
every five minutes. All other people will have to settle for some other kind
of counter. You could measure the number of pages printed by a printer, for
example, the cups of coffee made by the coffee machine, a device that counts
the electricity used, whatever. Any incrementing counter can be monitored and
graphed using the stuff you learned so far. Later on we will also be able to
monitor other types of values like temperature.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Most
(?) people interested in RRDtool will use the counter that keeps track of
octets (bytes) transfered by a network device. So let's do just that next. We
will start with a description of how to collect data.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Some
people will make a remark that there are tools which can do this data
collection for you. They are right! However, I feel it is important that you
understand they are not necessary. When you have to determine why things went
wrong you need to know how they work.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>One
tool used in the example has been talked about very briefly in the beginning
of this document, it is called SNMP. It is a way of talking to networked
equipment. The tool I use below is called "snmpget" and this is how
it works:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>snmpget device password OID</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>or</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>snmpget -v[version] -c[password] device OID</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
device you substitute the name, or the IP address, of your device. For
password you use the "community read string" as it is called in the
SNMP world. For some devices the default of "public" might work,
however this can be disabled, altered or protected for privacy and security
reasons. Read the documentation that comes with your device or program.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Then
there is this parameter, called OID, which means "object
identifier".</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>When
you start to learn about SNMP it looks very confusing. It isn't all that difficult
when you look at the Management Information Base ("MIB"). It is an
upside-down tree that describes data, with a single node as the root and from
there a number of branches. These branches end up in another node, they
branch out, etc. All the branches have a name and they form the path that we
follow all the way down. The branches that we follow are named: iso, org,
dod, internet, mgmt and mib-2. These names can also be written down as
numbers and are 1 3 6 1 2 1.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 (1.3.6.1.2.1)</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>There
is a lot of confusion about the leading dot that some programs use. There is
*no* leading dot in an OID. However, some programs can use the above part of
OIDs as a default. To indicate the difference between abbreviated OIDs and
full OIDs they need a leading dot when you specify the complete OID. Often
those programs will leave out the default portion when returning the data to
you. To make things worse, they have several default prefixes ...</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Ok,
lets continue to the start of our OID: we had 1.3.6.1.2.1 From there, we are
especially interested in the branch "interfaces" which has number 2
(e.g., 1.3.6.1.2.1.2 or 1.3.6.1.2.1.interfaces).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>First,
we have to get some SNMP program. First look if there is a pre-compiled
package available for your OS. This is the preferred way. If not, you will
have to get the sources yourself and compile those. The Internet is full of
sources, programs etc. Find information using a search engine or whatever you
prefer.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Assume
you got the program. First try to collect some data that is available on most
systems. Remember: there is a short name for the part of the tree that
interests us most in the world we live in!</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>I
will give an example which can be used on Fedora Core 3. If it doesn't work
for you, work your way through the manual of snmp and adapt the example to
make it work.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>snmpget -v2c -c public myrouter system.sysDescr.0</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
device should answer with a description of itself, perhaps an empty one.
Until you got a valid answer from a device, perhaps using a different
"password", or a different device, there is no point in continuing.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>snmpget -v2c -c public myrouter interfaces.ifNumber.0</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Hopefully
you get a number as a result, the number of interfaces. If so, you can carry
on and try a different program called "snmpwalk".</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>snmpwalk -v2c -c public myrouter interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
it returns with a list of interfaces, you're almost there. Here's an example:
[user@host /home/alex]$ snmpwalk -v2c -c public cisco 2.2.1.2</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = "BRI0: B-Channel 1"</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = "BRI0: B-Channel 2"</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = "BRI0" Hex: 42 52 49 30</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = "Ethernet0"</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = "Loopback0"</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>On
this cisco equipment, I would like to monitor the "Ethernet0"
interface and from the above output I see that it is number four. I try:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>[user@host /home/alex]$ snmpget -v2c -c public cisco 2.2.1.10.4 2.2.1.16.4</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifInOctets.4 = 2290729126</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifOutOctets.4 = 1256486519</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>So
now I have two OIDs to monitor and they are (in full, this time):</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>and</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>both
with an interface number of 4.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Don't
get fooled, this wasn't my first try. It took some time for me too to
understand what all these numbers mean. It does help a lot when they get
translated into descriptive text... At least, when people are talking about
MIBs and OIDs you know what it's all about. Do not forget the interface
number (0 if it is not interface dependent) and try snmpwalk if you don't get
an answer from snmpget.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
you understand the above section and get numbers from your device, continue
on with this tutorial. If not, then go back and re-read this part.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IA_Real_World_Example" id="IA_Real_World_Example"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IA_Real_World_Example'>A
Real World Example</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Let
the fun begin. First, create a new database. It contains data from two
counters, called input and output. The data is put into archives that average
it. They take 1, 6, 24 or 288 samples at a time. They also go into archives
that keep the maximum numbers. This will be explained later on. The time
in-between samples is 300 seconds, a good starting point, which is the same as
five minutes.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> 1 sample "averaged" stays 1 period of 5 minutes</pre><pre> 6 samples averaged become one average on 30 minutes</pre><pre> 24 samples averaged become one average on 2 hours</pre><pre> 288 samples averaged become one average on 1 day</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Lets
try to be compatible with MRTG which stores about the following amount of
data:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> 600 5-minute samples:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>days and 2 hours</pre><pre> 600 30-minute samples:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>12.5 days</pre><pre> 600 2-hour samples:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>50<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>days</pre><pre> 732 1-day samples:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>732<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>days</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>These
ranges are appended, so the total amount of data stored in the database is
approximately 797 days. RRDtool stores the data differently, it doesn't start
the "weekly" archive where the "daily" archive stopped.
For both archives the most recent data will be near "now" and
therefore we will need to keep more data than MRTG does!</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>We
will need:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> 600 samples of 5 minutes<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>(2 days and 2 hours)</pre><pre> 700 samples of 30 minutes (2 days and 2 hours, plus 12.5 days)</pre><pre> 775 samples of 2 hours<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>(above + 50 days)</pre><pre> 797 samples of 1 day<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>(above + 732 days, rounded up to 797)</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool create myrouter.rrd<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:input:COUNTER:600:U:U<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:output:COUNTER:600:U:U<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:600<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:6:700<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:24:775<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:288:797<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:<st1:stockticker>MAX</st1:stockticker>:0.5:1:600<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:<st1:stockticker>MAX</st1:stockticker>:0.5:6:700<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:<st1:stockticker>MAX</st1:stockticker>:0.5:24:775<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:<st1:stockticker>MAX</st1:stockticker>:0.5:288:797</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Next
thing to do is to collect data and store it. Here is an example. It is
written partially in pseudo code, you will have to find out what to do
exactly on your OS to make it work.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>while not the end of the universe</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>do</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>get result of</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>snmpget router community 2.2.1.10.4</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>into variable $in</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>get result of</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>snmpget router community 2.2.1.16.4</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>into variable $out</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>rrdtool update myrouter.rrd N:$in:$out</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>wait for 5 minutes</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>done</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Then,
after collecting data for a day, try to create an image using:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool graph myrouter-day.png --start -86400 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:inoctets=myrouter.rrd:input:AVERAGE \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:outoctets=myrouter.rrd:output:AVERAGE \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:inoctets#00FF00:"In traffic" \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������</span><st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>1:outoctets#0000FF:"Out traffic"</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
should produce a picture with one day worth of traffic. One day is 24 hours
of 60 minutes of 60 seconds: 24*60*60=86'400, we start at now minus 86'400
seconds. We define (with DEFs) inoctets and outoctets as the average values
from the database myrouter.rrd and draw an area for the "in"
traffic and a line for the "out" traffic.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>View
the image and keep logging data for a few more days. If you like, you could
try the examples from the test database and see if you can get various
options and calculations to work.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Suggestion:
Display in bytes per second and in bits per second. Make the Ethernet
graphics go red if they are over four megabits per second.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IConsolidation_Functions" id="IConsolidation_Functions"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
IConsolidation_Functions'>Consolidation Functions</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>A
few paragraphs back I mentioned the possibility of keeping the maximum values
instead of the average values. Let's go into this a bit more.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Recall
all the stuff about the speed of the car. Suppose we drove at 144 KM/H during
5 minutes and then were stopped by the police for 25 minutes. At the end of
the lecture we would take our laptop and create and view the image taken from
the database. If we look at the second RRA we did create, we would have the
average from 6 samples. The samples measured would be 144+0+0+0+0+0=144,
divided by 30 minutes, corrected for the error by 1000, translated into KM/H,
with a result of 24 KM/H. I would still get a ticket but not for speeding
anymore :)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Obviously,
in this case we shouldn't look at the averages. In some cases they are handy.
If you want to know how many KM you had traveled, the averaged picture would
be the right one to look at. On the other hand, for the speed that we
traveled at, the maximum numbers seen is much more interesting. Later we will
see more types.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>It
is the same for data. If you want to know the amount, look at the averages.
If you want to know the rate, look at the maximum. Over time, they will grow
apart more and more. In the last database we have created, there are two
archives that keep data per day. The archive that keeps averages will show
low numbers, the archive that shows maxima will have higher numbers.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
my car this would translate in averages per day of 96/24=4 KM/H (as I travel
about 94 kilometers on a day) during working days, and maxima of 120 KM/H (my
top speed that I reach every day).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Big
difference. Do not look at the second graph to estimate the distances that I
travel and do not look at the first graph to estimate my speed. This will
work if the samples are close together, as they are in five minutes, but not
if you average.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>On
some days, I go for a long ride. If I go across Europe and travel for 12
hours, the first graph will rise to about 60 KM/H. The second one will show
180 KM/H. This means that I traveled a distance of 60 KM/H times 24 H = 1440
KM. I did this with a higher speed and a maximum around 180 KM/H. However, it
probably doesn't mean that I traveled for 8 hours at a constant speed of 180
KM/H!</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
is a real example: go with the flow through Germany (fast!) and stop a few
times for gas and coffee. Drive slowly through Austria and the Netherlands.
Be careful in the mountains and villages. If you would look at the graphs
created from the five-minute averages you would get a totally different picture.
You would see the same values on the average and maximum graphs (provided I
measured every 300 seconds). You would be able to see when I stopped, when I
was in top gear, when I drove over fast highways etc. The granularity of the
data is much higher, so you can see more. However, this takes 12 samples per
hour, or 288 values per day, so it would be a lot of data over a longer
period of time. Therefore we average it, eventually to one value per day.
From this one value, we cannot see much detail, of course.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Make
sure you understand the last few paragraphs. There is no value in only a line
and a few axis, you need to know what they mean and interpret the data in ana
appropriate way. This is true for all data.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
biggest mistake you can make is to use the collected data for something that
it is not suitable for. You would be better off if you didn't have the graph
at all.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="ILet_s_review_what_you_now_should_know"
id="ILet_s_review_what_you_now_should_know"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:ILet_s_review_what_you_now_should_know'>Let's
review what you now should know</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>You
know how to create a database and can put data in it. You can get the numbers
out again by creating an image, do math on the data from the database and
view the resulte instead of the raw data. You know about the difference
between averages and maxima, and when to use which (or at least you should
have an idea).</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>RRDtool
can do more than what we have learned up to now. Before you continue with the
rest of this doc, I recommend that you reread from the start and try some
modifications on the examples. Make sure you fully understand everything. It
will be worth the effort and helps you not only with the rest of this
tutorial, but also in your day to day monitoring long after you read this
introduction.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IData_Source_Types" id="IData_Source_Types"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IData_Source_Types'>Data
Source Types</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>All
right, you feel like continuing. Welcome back and get ready for an increased
speed in the examples and explanations.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>You
know that in order to view a counter over time, you have to take two numbers
and divide the difference of them between the time lapsed. This makes sense
for the examples I gave you but there are other possibilities. For instance,
I'm able to retrieve the temperature from my router in three places namely
the inlet, the so called hot-spot and the exhaust. These values are not
counters. If I take the difference of the two samples and divide that by 300
seconds I would be asking for the temperature change per second. Hopefully
this is zero! If not, the computer room is probably on fire :)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>So,
what can we do? We can tell RRDtool to store the values we measure directly
as they are (this is not entirely true but close enough). The graphs we make
will look much better, they will show a rather constant value. I know when
the router is busy (it works -> it uses more electricity -> it generates
more heat -> the temperature rises). I know when the doors are left open
(the room is air conditioned) -> the warm air from the rest of the
building flows into the computer room -> the inlet temperature rises).
Etc. The data type we use when creating the database before was counter, we
now have a different data type and thus a different name for it. It is called
GAUGE. There are more such data types:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> - COUNTER<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>we already know this one</pre><pre> - GAUGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���� </span>we just learned this one</pre><pre> - DERIVE</pre><pre> - ABSOLUTE</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
two additional types are DERIVE and ABSOLUTE. Absolute can be used like
counter with one difference: RRDtool assumes the counter is reset when it's
read. That is: its delta is known without calculation by RRDtool whereas
RRDtool needs to calculate it for the counter type. Example: our first
example (12'345, 12'357, 12'363, 12'363) would read: unknown, 12, 6, 0. The
rest of the calculations stay the same. The other one, derive, is like
counter. Unlike counter, it can also decrease so it can have a negative delta.
Again, the rest of the calculations stay the same.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Let's
try them all:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool create all.rrd --start 978300900 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:a:COUNTER:600:U:U \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:b:GAUGE:600:U:U \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:c:DERIVE:600:U:U \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DS:d:ABSOLUTE:600:U:U \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:10</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool update all.rrd \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978301200:300:1:600:300<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978301500:600:3:1200:600<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978301800:900:5:1800:900<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978302100:1200:3:2400:1200 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978302400:1500:1:2400:1500 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978302700:1800:2:1800:1800 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978303000:2100:4:0:2100<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978303300:2400:6:600:2400<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978303600:2700:4:600:2700<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>978303900:3000:2:1200:3000</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool graph all1.png -s 978300600 -e 978304200 -h 400 \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:linea=all.rrd:a:AVERAGE <st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>3:linea#FF0000:"Line A" \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:lineb=all.rrd:b:AVERAGE <st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>3:lineb#00FF00:"Line B" \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:linec=all.rrd:c:AVERAGE <st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>3:linec#0000FF:"Line C" \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span>DEF:lined=all.rrd:d:AVERAGE <st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>3:lined#000000:"Line D"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IRRDtool_under_the_Microscope" id="IRRDtool_under_the_Microscope"></a><a
href="#___top" title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:
IRRDtool_under_the_Microscope'>RRDtool under the Microscope</span></a></h3>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo27;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line A is a COUNTER
type, so it should continuously increment and RRDtool must calculate the
differences. Also, RRDtool needs to divide the difference by the amount
of time lapsed. This should end up as a straight line at 1 (the deltas
are 300, the time is 300).</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo27;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line B is of type
GAUGE. These are "real" values so they should match what we
put in: a sort of a wave.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo27;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line C is of type
DERIVE. It should be a counter that can decrease. It does so between
2'400 and 0, with 1'800 in-between.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo27;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line D is of type
ABSOLUTE. This is like counter but it works on values without
calculating the difference. The numbers are the same and as you can see
(hopefully) this has a different result.</li>
</ul>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>This
translates in the following values, starting at 23:10 and ending at 00:10 the
next day (where "u" means unknown/unplotted):</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> - Line A:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u</pre><pre> - Line B:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>5<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>4<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>4<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u</pre><pre> - Line C:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>0 -2 -6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>0<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u</pre><pre> - Line D:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>4<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>5<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>7<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>8<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>9 10<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>u</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
your <st1:stockticker>PNG</st1:stockticker> shows all this, you know you have
entered the data correctly, the RRDtool executable is working properly, your
viewer doesn't fool you, and you successfully entered the year 2000 :)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>You
could try the same example four times, each time with only one of the lines.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Let's
go over the data again:</p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo30;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line A: 300,600,900
and so on. The counter delta is a constant 300 and so is the time delta.
A number divided by itself is always 1 (except when dividing by zero
which is undefined/illegal). </li>
</ul>
<p style='margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Why
is it that the first point is unknown? We do know what we put into the
database, right? True, But we didn't have a value to calculate the delta
from, so we don't know where we started. It would be wrong to assume we
started at zero so we don't!</p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo30;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line B: There is
nothing to calculate. The numbers are as they are.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo30;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line C: Again, the start-out
value is unknown. The same story is holds as for line A. In this case
the deltas are not constant, therefore the line is not either. If we
would put the same numbers in the database as we did for line A, we
would have gotten the same line. Unlike type counter, this type can
decrease and I hope to show you later on why this makes a difference.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo30;tab-stops:list .5in'>Line D: Here the
device calculates the deltas. Therefore we DO know the first delta and
it is plotted. We had the same input as with line A, but the meaning of
this input is different and thus the line is different. In this case the
deltas increase each time with 300. The time delta stays at a constant
300 and therefore the division of the two gives increasing values.<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="ICounter_Wraps" id="ICounter_Wraps"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:ICounter_Wraps'>Counter
Wraps</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>There
are a few more basics to show. Some important options are still to be covered
and we haven't look at counter wraps yet. First the counter wrap: In our car
we notice that the counter shows 999'987. We travel 20 KM and the counter
should go to 1'000'007. Unfortunately, there are only six digits on our
counter so it really shows 000'007. If we would plot that on a type DERIVE,
it would mean that the counter was set back 999'980 KM. It wasn't, and there
has to be some protection for this. This protection is only available for
type COUNTER which should be used for this kind of counter anyways. How does
it work? Type counter should never decrease and therefore RRDtool must assume
it wrapped if it does decrease! If the delta is negative, this can be
compensated for by adding the maximum value of the counter + 1. For our car
this would be:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Delta = 7 - 999'987 = -999'980<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>(instead of 1'000'007-999'987=20)</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Real delta = -999'980 + 999'999 + 1 = 20</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>At
the time of writing this document, RRDtool knows of counters that are either
32 bits or 64 bits of size. These counters can handle the following different
values:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> - 32 bits: 0 ..<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������� </span>4'294'967'295</pre><pre> - 64 bits: 0 .. 18'446'744'073'709'551'615</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>If
these numbers look strange to you, you can view them in their hexadecimal
form:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> - 32 bits: 0 ..<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������� </span>FFFFFFFF</pre><pre> - 64 bits: 0 .. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>RRDtool
handles both counters the same. If an overflow occurs and the delta would be negative,
RRDtool first adds the maximum of a small counter + 1 to the delta. If the
delta is still negative, it had to be the large counter that wrapped. Add the
maximum possible value of the large counter + 1 and subtract the erroneously
added small value.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>There
is a risk in this: suppose the large counter wrapped while adding a huge
delta, it could happen, theoretically, that adding the smaller value would
make the delta positive. In this unlikely case the results would not be
correct. The increase should be nearly as high as the maximum counter value
for that to happen, so chances are you would have several other problems as
well and this particular problem would not even be worth thinking about. Even
though, I did include an example, so you can judge for yourself.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
next section gives you some numerical examples for counter-wraps. Try to do
the calculations yourself or just believe me if your calculator can't handle
the numbers :)</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Correction
numbers:</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> - 32 bits: (4'294'967'295 + 1) =<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������</span>4'294'967'296</pre><pre> - 64 bits: (18'446'744'073'709'551'615 + 1)</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������������������������������� </span>- correction1 = 18'446'744'069'414'584'320</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Before:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>4'294'967'200</pre><pre> Increase:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������� </span>100</pre><pre> Should become: 4'294'967'300</pre><pre> But really is:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>4</pre><pre> Delta:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>-4'294'967'196</pre><pre> Correction1:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-4'294'967'196 + 4'294'967'296 = 100</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Before:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>18'446'744'073'709'551'000</pre><pre> Increase:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������������� </span>800</pre><pre> Should become: 18'446'744'073'709'551'800</pre><pre> But really is:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������</span>184</pre><pre> Delta:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>-18'446'744'073'709'550'816</pre><pre> Correction1:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-18'446'744'073'709'550'816</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������������������� </span>+ 4'294'967'296 = -18'446'744'069'414'583'520</pre><pre> Correction2:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-18'446'744'069'414'583'520</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������ </span>+ 18'446'744'069'414'584'320 = 800</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Before:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>18'446'744'073'709'551'615 ( maximum value )</pre><pre> Increase:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>18'446'744'069'414'584'320 ( absurd increase, minimum for</pre><pre> Should become: 36'893'488'143'124'135'935<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>this example to work )</pre><pre> But really is: 18'446'744'069'414'584'319</pre><pre> Delta:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������� </span>-4'294'967'296</pre><pre> Correction1:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-4'294'967'296 + 4'294'967'296 = 0</pre><pre> (not negative -> no correction2)</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> Before:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������� </span>18'446'744'073'709'551'615 ( maximum value )</pre><pre> Increase:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>18'446'744'069'414'584'319 ( one less increase )</pre><pre> Should become: 36'893'488'143'124'135'934</pre><pre> But really is: 18'446'744'069'414'584'318</pre><pre> Delta:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�������������������� </span>-4'294'967'297</pre><pre> Correction1:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-4'294'967'297 + 4'294'967'296 = -1</pre><pre> Correction2:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>-1 + 18'446'744'069'414'584'320 = 18'446'744'069'414'584'319</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>As
you can see from the last two examples, you need strange numbers for RRDtool
to fail (provided it's bug free of course), so this should not happen.
However, SNMP or whatever method you choose to collect the data, might also
report wrong numbers occasionally. We can't prevent all errors, but there are
some things we can do. The RRDtool "create" command takes two
special parameters for this. They define the minimum and maximum allowed
values. Until now, we used "U", meaning "unknown". If you
provide values for one or both of them and if RRDtool receives data points
that are outside these limits, it will ignore those values. For a thermometer
in degrees Celsius, the absolute minimum is just under -273. For my router, I
can assume this minimum is much higher so I would set it to 10, where as the
maximum temperature I would set to 80. Any higher and the device would be out
of order.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
the speed of my car, I would never expect negative numbers and also I would
not expect a speed higher than 230. Anything else, and there must have been
an error. Remember: the opposite is not true, if the numbers pass this check,
it doesn't mean that they are correct. Always judge the graph with a healthy
dose of suspicion if it seems weird to you.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="IData_Resampling" id="IData_Resampling"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IData_Resampling'>Data
Resampling</span></a></h3>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>One
important feature of RRDtool has not been explained yet: it is virtually
impossible to collect data and feed it into RRDtool on exact intervals.
RRDtool therefore interpolates the data, so they are stored on exact
intervals. If you do not know what this means or how it works, then here's
the help you seek:</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Suppose
a counter increases by exactly one for every second. You want to measure it
in 300 seconds intervals. You should retrieve values that are exactly 300
apart. However, due to various circumstances you are a few seconds late and
the interval is 303. The delta will also be 303 in that case. Obviously,
RRDtool should not put 303 in the database and make you believe that the
counter increased by 303 in 300 seconds. This is where RRDtool interpolates:
it alters the 303 value as if it would have been stored earlier and it will
be 300 in 300 seconds. Next time you are at exactly the right time. This
means that the current interval is 297 seconds and also the counter increased
by 297. Again, RRDtool interpolates and stores 300 as it should be.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>in the RRD<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������� </span>in reality</pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre> time+000:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>0 delta="U"<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>time+000:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��� </span>0 delta="U"</pre><pre> time+300: 300 delta=300<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>time+300:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>300 delta=300</pre><pre> time+600: 600 delta=300<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>time+603:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>603 delta=303</pre><pre> time+900: 900 delta=300<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>time+900:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>900 delta=297</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Let's
create two identical databases. I've chosen the time range 920'805'000 to
920'805'900 as this goes very well with the example numbers.</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool create seconds1.rrd<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804700<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DS:seconds:COUNTER:600:U:U \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:1:24</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Make
a copy</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>for Unix: cp seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>for Dos:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>copy seconds1.rrd seconds2.rrd</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>for vms:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span>how would I know :)</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Put
in some data</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool update seconds1.rrd \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>920805000:000 920805300:300 920805600:600 920805900:900</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool update seconds2.rrd \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>920805000:000 920805300:300 920805603:603 920805900:900</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Create
output</p>
<pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>rrdtool graph seconds1.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804700 --end 920806200<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--height 200<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DEF:seconds=seconds1.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>2:seconds#0000FF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:unknown#FF0000</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�� </span>rrdtool graph seconds2.png<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--start 920804700 --end 920806200<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>������������ </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����</span>--height 200<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>--upper-limit 1.05 --lower-limit 0.95 --rigid \</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>DEF:seconds=seconds2.rrd:seconds:AVERAGE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span>CDEF:unknown=seconds,UN<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>���������������������� </span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>LINE</st1:stockticker>2:seconds#0000FF<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>��������������� </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����������</span>\</pre><pre><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>����� </span><st1:stockticker>AREA</st1:stockticker>:unknown#FF0000</pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>View
both images together (add them to your index.html file) and compare. Both
graphs should show the same, despite the input being different.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name=IWRAPUP id=IWRAPUP></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IWRAPUP'>WRAPUP</span></a></h2>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>It's
time now to wrap up this tutorial. We covered all the basics for you to be
able to work with RRDtool and to read the additional documentation available.
There is plenty more to discover about RRDtool and you will find more and
more uses for this package. You can easly create graphs using just the
examples provided and using only RRDtool. You can also use one of the front
ends to RRDtool that are available.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name=IMAILINGLIST id=IMAILINGLIST></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IMAILINGLIST'>MAILINGLIST</span></a></h2>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Remember
to subscribe to the RRDtool mailing list. Even if you are not answering to
mails that come by, it helps both you and the rest of the users. A lot of the
stuff that I know about MRTG (and therefore about RRDtool) I've learned while
just reading the list without posting to it. I did not need to ask the basic
questions as they are answered in the FAQ (read it!) and in various mails by
other users. With thousands of users all over the world, there will always be
people who ask questions that you can answer because you read this and other
documentation and they didn't.<o:p></o:p></p>
<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name="ISEE_ALSO" id="ISEE_ALSO"></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:ISEE_ALSO'>SEE
ALSO</span></a></h2>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>The
RRDtool manpages<o:p></o:p></p>
<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><a
name=IAUTHOR id=IAUTHOR></a><a href="#___top"
title="click to go to top of document"><span style='mso-bookmark:IAUTHOR'>AUTHOR</span></a></h2>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>I
hope you enjoyed the examples and their descriptions. If you do, help other
people by pointing them to this document when they are asking basic
questions. They will not only get their answers, but at the same time learn a
whole lot more.</p>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Alex
van den Bogaerdt <alex@ergens.op.het.net></p>
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</script>07/01/08 | <a
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enjoyed the examples and their descriptions. If you do, help</a> | <a
href="http://it.oetiker.ch/monitoring/">OETIKER+PARTNER AG</a></span></p>
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