Creating a CodeDOM: Modeling the Semantics of Code (Part 2)

// The Nova Project by Ken Beckett.
// Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Inevitable Software, all rights reserved.
// Released under the Common Development and Distribution License, CDDL-1.0: http://opensource.org/licenses/cddl1.php

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;

using Nova.Rendering;
using Nova.Utilities;

namespace Nova.CodeDOM
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Handles references to generic and/or array types, and is the common base class of <see cref="TypeRef"/>,
    /// <see cref="MethodRef"/> (because it can be treated as a delegate type, and can have generic parameters),
    /// and <see cref="UnresolvedRef"/> (because unresolved symbols can have generic parameters and array ranks).
    /// </summary>
    public abstract class TypeRefBase : SymbolicRef
    {
        #region /* STATIC FIELDS */

        /// <summary>
        /// A map of built-in type names to keywords (the "System" namespace prefix is NOT included on the names).
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Dictionary<string, string> TypeNameToKeywordMap = new Dictionary<string, string>(16)
            {
                { "Object",  "object"  },
                { "Void",    "void"    },
                { "SByte",   "sbyte"   },
                { "Byte",    "byte"    },
                { "Int16",   "short"   },
                { "UInt16",  "ushort"  },
                { "Int32",   "int"     },
                { "UInt32",  "uint"    },
                { "Int64",   "long"    },
                { "UInt64",  "ulong"   },
                { "Char",    "char"    },
                { "Boolean", "bool"    },
                { "String",  "string"  },
                { "Single",  "float"   },
                { "Double",  "double"  },
                { "Decimal", "decimal" }
            };

        protected static readonly HashSet<string> TypeArgumentTerminators = new HashSet<string>
            {
                "(", ")", "]", "}", ":", ";", ",", ".", "?", "==", "!=", "|", "^"
            };

        #endregion

        #region /* FIELDS */

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional array ranks (for array types only).
        /// </summary>
        protected List<int> _arrayRanks;

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional type arguments (for generic types only).
        /// </summary>
        protected ChildList<Expression> _typeArguments;

        #endregion

        #region /* CONSTRUCTORS */

        protected TypeRefBase(string name, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(name, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(ITypeDecl typeDecl, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(typeDecl, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(Type memberInfo, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(memberInfo, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(MethodDeclBase methodDeclBase, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(methodDeclBase, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(AnonymousMethod anonymousMethod, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(anonymousMethod, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(MethodBase methodBase, bool isFirstOnLine)
            : base(methodBase, isFirstOnLine)
        { }

        protected TypeRefBase(object obj)
            : base(obj)
        { }

        #endregion

        #region /* PROPERTIES */

        /// <summary>
        /// The array ranks of the type reference (if any).
        /// </summary>
        public virtual List<int> ArrayRanks
        {
            get { return _arrayRanks; }
            set { _arrayRanks = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the type reference has any array ranks.
        /// </summary>
        public bool HasArrayRanks
        {
            get { return (ArrayRanks != null && ArrayRanks.Count > 0); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The type argument <see cref="Expression"/>s of the reference (if any).
        /// </summary>
        public virtual ChildList<Expression> TypeArguments
        {
            get { return _typeArguments; }
            set { SetField(ref _typeArguments, value); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if there are any type arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public bool HasTypeArguments
        {
            get { return (TypeArguments != null && TypeArguments.Count > 0); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The number of type arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public int TypeArgumentCount
        {
            get { return (TypeArguments != null ? TypeArguments.Count : 0); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the type reference is an array.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsArray
        {
            get { return (ArrayRanks != null && ArrayRanks.Count > 0); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type is an interface.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsInterface
        {
            get { return false; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type is a built-in type (has a keyword).
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsBuiltInType
        {
            get { return false; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type is a nullable type.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsNullableType
        {
            get { return false; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type is a delegate type.
        /// </summary>
        public override bool IsDelegateType
        {
            get { return false; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type or method is static.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsStatic { get { return false; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type or method has public access.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsPublic { get { return false; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type or method has private access.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsPrivate { get { return false; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type or method has protected access.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsProtected { get { return false; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the referenced type or method has internal access.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsInternal { get { return false; } }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if the TypeRefBase is a DocCodeRefBase reference to a code object, otherwise false.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsDocCodeReference
        {
            get
            {
                CodeObject lastChild = this;
                CodeObject parent = Parent;
                while (parent is Dot)
                {
                    lastChild = parent;
                    parent = parent.Parent;
                }
                return (parent is DocCodeRefBase || (parent is Call && parent.Parent is DocCodeRefBase && ((Call)parent).Expression == lastChild));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The parent <see cref="CodeObject"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public override CodeObject Parent
        {
            set
            {
                base.Parent = value;

                // Workaround until the CodeObject.Parent setter has been fixed to recursively remove/add
                // listed annotations for all objects in the child tree.
                if (HasTypeArguments)
                {
                    foreach (Expression expression in TypeArguments)
                    {
                        if (expression != null && expression.Annotations != null)
                        {
                            foreach (Annotation annotation in expression.Annotations)
                            {
                                if (annotation.IsListed)
                                    NotifyListedAnnotationAdded(annotation);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region /* STATIC METHODS */

        /// <summary>
        /// Implicit conversion of a <see cref="Type"/> to a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> (actually, a <see cref="TypeRef"/>).
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This allows Types such as <c>typeof(int)</c> to be passed directly to any method
        /// expecting a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> type without having to create a reference first.</remarks>
        /// <param name="type">The <see cref="Type"/> to be converted.</param>
        /// <returns>A generated <see cref="TypeRef"/> to the specified <see cref="Type"/>.</returns>
        public static implicit operator TypeRefBase(Type type)
        {
            return TypeRef.Create(type);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implicit conversion of a <see cref="TypeDecl"/> to a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> (actually, a <see cref="TypeRef"/>).
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This allows type declarations to be passed directly to any method expecting a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/>
        /// type without having to create a reference first.</remarks>
        /// <param name="typeDecl">The <see cref="TypeDecl"/> to be converted.</param>
        /// <returns>A generated <see cref="TypeRef"/> to the specified <see cref="TypeDecl"/>.</returns>
        public static implicit operator TypeRefBase(TypeDecl typeDecl)
        {
            return typeDecl.CreateRef();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implicit conversion of a <see cref="TypeParameter"/> to a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> (actually, a <see cref="TypeParameterRef"/>).
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This allows TypeParameters to be passed directly to any method expecting a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> type
        /// without having to create a reference first.</remarks>
        /// <param name="typeParameter">The <see cref="TypeParameter"/> to be converted.</param>
        /// <returns>A generated <see cref="TypeParameterRef"/> to the specified <see cref="TypeParameter"/>.</returns>
        public static implicit operator TypeRefBase(TypeParameter typeParameter)
        {
            return (TypeRefBase)typeParameter.CreateRef();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implicit conversion of a <see cref="MethodBase"/> to a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> (actually, a <see cref="MethodRef"/> or <see cref="ConstructorRef"/>).
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This allows <see cref="MethodBase"/>s (<see cref="MethodInfo"/>s or <see cref="ConstructorInfo"/>s) to be passed directly
        /// to any method expecting a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> type without having to create a reference first.</remarks>
        /// <param name="methodBase">The <see cref="MethodBase"/> to be converted.</param>
        /// <returns>A generated <see cref="MethodRef"/> to the specified <see cref="MethodBase"/>.</returns>
        public static implicit operator TypeRefBase(MethodBase methodBase)
        {
            return MethodRef.Create(methodBase);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Implicit conversion of a <see cref="MethodDeclBase"/> to a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> (actually, a <see cref="MethodRef"/> or <see cref="ConstructorRef"/>).
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This allows method declarations to be passed directly to any method expecting a <see cref="TypeRefBase"/>
        /// type without having to create a reference first.</remarks>
        /// <param name="methodDeclBase">The <see cref="MethodDeclBase"/> to be converted.</param>
        /// <returns>A generated <see cref="MethodRef"/> to the specified <see cref="MethodDeclBase"/>.</returns>
        public static implicit operator TypeRefBase(MethodDeclBase methodDeclBase)
        {
            return (MethodRef)methodDeclBase.CreateRef();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get any modifiers from the specified <see cref="Type"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public static Modifiers GetTypeModifiers(Type type)
        {
            Modifiers modifiers = 0;
            if (!type.IsNested)
            {
                if (type.IsPublic)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Public;
                else if (type.IsNotPublic)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Internal;
            }
            else
            {
                if (type.IsNestedPublic)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Public;
                if (type.IsNestedFamily || type.IsNestedFamORAssem)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Protected;
                if (type.IsNestedAssembly || type.IsNestedFamORAssem)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Internal;
                if (type.IsNestedPrivate)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Private;
            }
            if (TypeUtil.IsStatic(type))
                modifiers |= Modifiers.Static;
            else
            {
                if (type.IsAbstract)
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Abstract;
                // Enums, Structs, and Delegates are implicitly 'sealed', so don't display it
                if (type.IsSealed && !type.IsEnum && !type.IsValueType && !TypeUtil.IsDelegateType(type))
                    modifiers |= Modifiers.Sealed;
            }
            // 'new' isn't relevant to external users, so don't bother figuring it out (we could look
            // at IsHideBySig, but we'd have to further determine if it's the hide-er or the hide-e).
            // 'partial' isn't relevant to external users.
            return modifiers;
        }

        protected static ChildList<Expression> DefaultTypeArguments(TypeDecl typeDecl, ChildList<Expression> typeArguments)
        {
            ChildList<TypeParameter> typeParameters = typeDecl.TypeParameters;
            int typeParameterCount = (typeParameters != null ? typeParameters.Count : 0);
            if (typeArguments == null)
            {
                // Use the declared type parameters if none were specified
                typeArguments = new ChildList<Expression>(typeParameterCount);
                if (typeParameters != null)
                {
                    foreach (TypeParameter typeParameter in typeParameters)
                        typeArguments.Add(typeParameter.CreateRef());
                }
            }
            if (typeDecl.IsNested && typeArguments.Count == typeParameterCount)
            {
                // Default to any type parameters from parent types if they were omitted
                TypeDecl parentDecl = typeDecl;
                do
                {
                    parentDecl = parentDecl.DeclaringType;
                    typeParameters = parentDecl.TypeParameters;
                    if (typeParameters != null)
                    {
                        for (int i = 0; i < typeParameters.Count; ++i)
                            typeArguments.Insert(i, typeParameters[i].CreateRef());
                    }
                }
                while (parentDecl.IsNested);
            }
            return typeArguments;
        }

        protected static ChildList<Expression> DefaultTypeArguments(Type type, ChildList<Expression> typeArguments)
        {
            Type[] genericArguments = type.GetGenericArguments();
            int count = genericArguments.Length;
            if (typeArguments == null)
            {
                // Use the declared type parameters if none were specified, including those of any enclosing types
                typeArguments = new ChildList<Expression>(count);
                foreach (Type genericArgument in genericArguments)
                    typeArguments.Add(TypeRef.Create(genericArgument));
            }
            else
            {
                // If only local arguments were specified, then prefix any enclosing type parameters
                int localCount = TypeUtil.GetLocalGenericArgumentCount(type);
                if (typeArguments.Count == localCount)
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < count - localCount; ++i)
                        typeArguments.Insert(i, TypeRef.Create(genericArguments[i]));
                }
            }
            return typeArguments;
        }

        #endregion

        #region /* METHODS */

        /// <summary>
        /// Create the child list of array ranks, or return the existing one.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual List<int> CreateArrayRanks()
        {
            if (_arrayRanks == null)
                _arrayRanks = new List<int>();
            return _arrayRanks;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create the child list of type argument <see cref="Expression"/>s, or return the existing one.
        /// </summary>
        public ChildList<Expression> CreateTypeArguments()
        {
            if (_typeArguments == null)
                _typeArguments = new ChildList<Expression>(this);
            return _typeArguments;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determine if the specified TypeRefBase refers to the same generic type, regardless of actual type arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool IsSameGenericType(TypeRefBase typeRefBase)
        {
            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Replace all occurrences of one type reference with another, including in (potentially nested) type arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public TypeRefBase ReplaceType(TypeRefBase oldTypeRef, TypeRefBase newTypeRef)
        {
            if (HasTypeArguments)
            {
                // We must create a new reference, so we can replace nested type parameters
                TypeRefBase clone = (TypeRefBase)Clone();
                ChildList<Expression> typeArguments = clone.TypeArguments;
                for (int i = 0; i < typeArguments.Count; ++i)
                {
                    TypeRefBase typeRefBase = typeArguments[i].SkipPrefixes() as TypeRefBase;
                    if (typeRefBase != null)
                        typeArguments[i] = typeRefBase.ReplaceType(oldTypeRef, newTypeRef);
                }
                return clone;
            }
            return (IsSameRef(oldTypeRef) ? newTypeRef : this);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determine if the current type is the same as or occurs in the (potentially nested) type arguments of the specified type.
        /// </summary>
        public bool OccursIn(TypeRefBase typeRef)
        {
            if (IsSameRef(typeRef))
                return true;
            if (typeRef != null && typeRef.HasTypeArguments)
                return Enumerable.Any(typeRef.TypeArguments, delegate(Expression typeArgument) { return OccursIn(typeArgument.SkipPrefixes() as TypeRefBase); });
            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deep-clone the code object.
        /// </summary>
        public override CodeObject Clone()
        {
            TypeRefBase clone = (TypeRefBase)base.Clone();
            if (_arrayRanks != null && _arrayRanks.Count > 0)
                clone._arrayRanks = new List<int>(_arrayRanks);
            clone._typeArguments = ChildListHelpers.Clone(_typeArguments, clone);
            return clone;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Make an array reference from the current type reference.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual TypeRefBase MakeArrayRef(List<int> ranksToBeCopied)
        {
            TypeRefBase newRef = (TypeRefBase)Clone();
            if (newRef.HasArrayRanks)
                newRef.ArrayRanks.AddRange(ranksToBeCopied);
            else
                newRef.ArrayRanks = new List<int>(ranksToBeCopied);
            return newRef;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Make a generic type reference from the current type reference.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual TypeRefBase MakeGenericRef(params Expression[] typeArguments)
        {
            TypeRefBase newRef = (TypeRefBase)Clone();
            newRef.TypeArguments = null;
            newRef.CreateTypeArguments().AddRange(typeArguments);
            return newRef;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the element type of the type reference (if it's an array, otherwise null).
        /// </summary>
        public virtual TypeRefBase GetElementType()
        {
            // If we have array ranks, remove *one* of them to get the element type
            if (HasArrayRanks)
            {
                TypeRefBase elementType = (TypeRefBase)Clone();
                List<int> arrayRanks = elementType.ArrayRanks;
                elementType.ArrayRanks = (arrayRanks.Count == 1 ? null : arrayRanks.GetRange(1, arrayRanks.Count - 1));
                return elementType;
            }
            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the actual type reference (ITypeDecl or Type), retrieving them from any constant values if necessary.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual object GetReferencedType()
        {
            return Reference;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the actual type, excluding any constant values.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual TypeRefBase GetTypeWithoutConstant()
        {
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the value of any represented constant.  For enums, an EnumConstant object will be
        /// returned, which has both the Enum type and a constant value of its underlying type.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual object GetConstantValue()
        {
            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the delegate parameters if the expression evaluates to a delegate type.
        /// </summary>
        public override ICollection GetDelegateParameters()
        {
            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the type (or null if none) of the delegate parameter with the specified index.
        /// </summary>
        public TypeRefBase GetDelegateParameterType(int parameterIndex)
        {
            ICollection delegateParameters = GetDelegateParameters();
            if (delegateParameters != null && delegateParameters.Count > parameterIndex)
                return ParameterRef.GetParameterType(delegateParameters, parameterIndex, this);
            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the delegate return type if the expression evaluates to a delegate type.
        /// </summary>
        public override TypeRefBase GetDelegateReturnType()
        {
            return null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Convert all OpenTypeParameterRef type arguments to TypeParameterRefs.
        /// </summary>
        public void ConvertOpenTypeParameters()
        {
            int typeArgumentCount = TypeArgumentCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < typeArgumentCount; ++i)
            {
                Expression typeArgument = TypeArguments[i];
                if (typeArgument is OpenTypeParameterRef)
                    TypeArguments[i] = ((OpenTypeParameterRef)typeArgument).ConvertToTypeParameterRef();
                else if (typeArgument is TypeRef)
                    ((TypeRef)typeArgument).ConvertOpenTypeParameters();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get the full name of the object, including the namespace name.
        /// </summary>
        public abstract string GetFullName();

        #endregion

        #region /* FORMATTING */

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the code object only requires a single line for display.
        /// </summary>
        public override bool IsSingleLine
        {
            get { return (base.IsSingleLine && (_typeArguments == null || _typeArguments.Count == 0
                || ((_typeArguments[0] == null || !_typeArguments[0].IsFirstOnLine) && _typeArguments.IsSingleLine))); }
            set
            {
                base.IsSingleLine = value;
                if (value && _typeArguments != null && _typeArguments.Count > 0)
                {
                    _typeArguments[0].IsFirstOnLine = false;
                    _typeArguments.IsSingleLine = true;
                }
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region /* RENDERING */

        /// <summary>
        /// Render a <see cref="Type"/> as text.
        /// </summary>
        public static void AsTextType(CodeWriter writer, Type type, RenderFlags flags)
        {
            RenderFlags passFlags = flags & ~RenderFlags.Description;

            // Dereference (remove the trailing '&' or '*') if it's a reference type or pointer type
            bool isDelegate = false;
            if (type.IsByRef)
                type = type.GetElementType();

            bool isDescription = flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.Description);
            if (isDescription)
            {
                string declType = null;
                if (type.IsClass)
                {
                    if (TypeUtil.IsDelegateType(type))
                    {
                        declType = "delegate";
                        isDelegate = true;
                    }
                    else if (!type.IsGenericParameter)
                        declType = "class";
                }
                else if (type.IsInterface)
                    declType = "interface";
                else if (type.IsEnum)
                    declType = "enum";
                else if (type.IsValueType)
                    declType = "struct";

                MethodInfo delegateInvokeMethodInfo = (isDelegate ? TypeUtil.GetInvokeMethod(type) : null);
                if (!flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.NoPreAnnotations))
                {
                    Attribute.AsTextAttributes(writer, type);
                    if (delegateInvokeMethodInfo != null)
                        Attribute.AsTextAttributes(writer, delegateInvokeMethodInfo.ReturnParameter, AttributeTarget.Return);
                }
                if (type.IsGenericParameter)
                {
                    writer.Write("(type parameter) ");
                    if (type.DeclaringMethod != null)
                        AsTextGenericMember(writer, type.DeclaringMethod.Name, type.DeclaringMethod.GetGenericArguments(), passFlags);
                    else if (type.DeclaringType != null)
                        AsTextType(writer, type.DeclaringType, passFlags);
                    writer.Write(".");
                }
                else
                    writer.Write(ModifiersHelpers.AsString(GetTypeModifiers(type)) + declType + " ");
                if (delegateInvokeMethodInfo != null)
                {
                    Type returnType = delegateInvokeMethodInfo.ReturnType;
                    AsTextType(writer, returnType, RenderFlags.None);
                    writer.Write(" ");
                }
            }

            bool hasDotPrefix = flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.HasDotPrefix);

            // Go by local generic arguments instead of IsGenericType so that nested types with generic
            // enclosing types aren't treated as generic unless they have their own type arguments.
            string keyword;
            Type[] genericArguments = TypeUtil.GetLocalGenericArguments(type);
            if (genericArguments != null && genericArguments.Length > 0)
            {
                // Render "Nullable<Type>" as "Type?"
                if (TypeUtil.IsNullableType(type))
                {
                    Type typeParam = genericArguments[0];
                    if (!hasDotPrefix  && TypeNameToKeywordMap.TryGetValue(typeParam.Name, out keyword) && typeParam.Namespace == "System")
                        writer.Write(keyword + "?");
                    else
                    {
                        AsTextType(writer, typeParam, RenderFlags.None);
                        writer.Write("?");
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (type.IsNested && !hasDotPrefix && flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.ShowParentTypes))
                    {
                        AsTextType(writer, type.DeclaringType, passFlags);
                        writer.Write(".");
                    }
                    AsTextGenericMember(writer, TypeUtil.NonGenericName(type), genericArguments, flags);
                }
            }
            else if (type.IsGenericParameter)
                writer.WriteIdentifier(type.Name, flags);
            else if (type.IsArray)
            {
                AsTextType(writer, type.GetElementType(), RenderFlags.None);
                writer.Write(ArrayRankToString(type.GetArrayRank()));
            }
            else if (!hasDotPrefix && !isDescription && TypeNameToKeywordMap.TryGetValue(type.Name, out keyword) && type.Namespace == "System")
            {
                writer.Write(keyword);
            }
            else
            {
                if (type.IsNested && !hasDotPrefix && flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.ShowParentTypes))
                {
                    AsTextType(writer, type.DeclaringType, passFlags);
                    writer.Write(".");
                }
                writer.WriteName(type.Name, flags, true);
            }

            if (isDescription)
            {
                if (isDelegate)
                {
                    MethodInfo delegateInvokeMethodInfo = TypeUtil.GetInvokeMethod(type);
                    if (delegateInvokeMethodInfo != null)
                        MethodRef.AsTextMethodParameters(writer, delegateInvokeMethodInfo, RenderFlags.None);
                }
                else
                {
                    bool hasBase = false;

                    // Render base type (if any)
                    if (!type.IsValueType)  // Don't show the implicit ValueType base for structs
                    {
                        Type baseType = type.IsEnum ? Enum.GetUnderlyingType(type) : type.BaseType;
                        if (baseType != null && baseType != typeof(object) && (!type.IsEnum || baseType != typeof(int)))
                        {
                            writer.Write(" : ");
                            AsTextType(writer, baseType, RenderFlags.None);
                            hasBase = true;
                        }
                    }

                    // Render implemented interfaces (if any)
                    if (!type.IsEnum)  // Don't show the interfaces of the implicit Enum base for enums
                    {
                        Type[] interfaces = type.GetInterfaces();
                        if (interfaces.Length > 0)
                        {
                            // There's no way to tell which interfaces are implemented by the current type as
                            // opposed to one of it's base types.  We could subtract all interfaces from the base
                            // type, but that wouldn't be perfect since the same interface can be implemented at
                            // multiple levels.  Instead, display them all, since an external user really just
                            // cares that they're implemented by the type, and doesn't care if it's really by a
                            // base type.
                            foreach (Type @interface in interfaces)
                            {
                                writer.Write((hasBase ? "," : (" :")) + " ");
                                AsTextType(writer, @interface, RenderFlags.None);
                                hasBase = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // Render any type constraints for local type arguments
                    if (type.IsGenericType)
                        AsTextConstraints(writer, TypeUtil.GetLocalGenericArguments(type.GetGenericTypeDefinition()));
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Render a generic member as text.
        /// </summary>
        public static void AsTextGenericMember(CodeWriter writer, string name, Type[] args, RenderFlags flags)
        {
            writer.Write(name);
            if (!flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.SuppressTypeArgs))
            {
                // Render the angle brackets as braces if we're inside a documentation comment
                writer.Write(flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.InDocComment) ? "{" : "<");
                bool first = true;
                foreach (Type typeArg in args)
                {
                    if (!first)
                        writer.Write(", ");
                    AsTextType(writer, typeArg, RenderFlags.None);
                    first = false;
                }
                writer.Write(flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.InDocComment) ? "}" : ">");
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Render type arguments (if any) as text.
        /// </summary>
        public void AsTextTypeArguments(CodeWriter writer, IEnumerable<Expression> typeArguments, RenderFlags flags)
        {
            if (typeArguments != null)
            {
                // Don't pass Description, SuppressBrackets, or ShowParentTypes on to any type arguments, and don't display EOL comments if this is a Description
                RenderFlags passFlags = (flags & (RenderFlags.PassMask & ~(RenderFlags.Description | RenderFlags.SuppressBrackets | RenderFlags.ShowParentTypes)))
                    | (flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.Description) ? RenderFlags.NoEOLComments : 0);

                // Render the angle brackets as braces if we're inside a documentation comment
                writer.Write(flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.InDocComment) ? "{" : "<");
                writer.WriteList(typeArguments, passFlags, this);
                writer.Write(flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.InDocComment) ? "}" : ">");
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Render array rank brackets (if any) as text.
        /// </summary>
        public void AsTextArrayRanks(CodeWriter writer, RenderFlags flags)
        {
            if (!flags.HasFlag(RenderFlags.SuppressBrackets))
            {
                // Use the array ranks if we have any
                if (_arrayRanks != null)
                {
                    foreach (int ranks in _arrayRanks)
                        writer.Write(ArrayRankToString(ranks));
                }
                else if (_reference is Type)
                    AsTextArrayRank(writer, (Type)_reference);
            }
        }

        private static void AsTextArrayRank(CodeWriter writer, Type type)
        {
            if (type.IsArray)
            {
                AsTextArrayRank(writer, type.GetElementType());
                writer.Write(ArrayRankToString(type.GetArrayRank()));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Format an array rank as a string.
        /// </summary>
        public static string ArrayRankToString(int rank)
        {
            return "[" + new string(',', rank - 1) + "]";
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Render type constraints as text.
        /// </summary>
        public static void AsTextConstraints(CodeWriter writer, Type[] typeParameters)
        {
            foreach (Type typeParameter in typeParameters)
            {
                bool first = true;
                bool isValueType = false;
                GenericParameterAttributes attributes = typeParameter.GenericParameterAttributes;

                if (attributes.HasFlag(GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint))
                {
                    AsTextConstraintPrefix(writer, ref first, typeParameter);
                    writer.Write("class");
                }
                if (attributes.HasFlag(GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint))
                {
                    AsTextConstraintPrefix(writer, ref first, typeParameter);
                    writer.Write("struct");
                    isValueType = true;
                }

                foreach (Type constraint in typeParameter.GetGenericParameterConstraints())
                {
                    if (constraint != typeof(ValueType))  // Already handled above
                    {
                        AsTextConstraintPrefix(writer, ref first, typeParameter);
                        AsTextType(writer, constraint, RenderFlags.None);
                    }
                }

                if (attributes.HasFlag(GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint) && !isValueType)
                {
                    AsTextConstraintPrefix(writer, ref first, typeParameter);
                    writer.Write("new()");
                }
            }
        }

        private static void AsTextConstraintPrefix(CodeWriter writer, ref bool first, Type typeParameter)
        {
            if (first)
            {
                writer.Write(" : ");
                AsTextType(writer, typeParameter, RenderFlags.None);
                writer.Write(" , ");
                first = false;
            }
            else
                writer.Write(", ");
        }

        #endregion

        #region /* IsSameTypeRefComparer */

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if one <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> is equivalent to another one, meaning they both refer
        /// to the same type.
        /// </summary>
        public class IsSameTypeRefComparer : IEqualityComparer<TypeRefBase>
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Determines if one <see cref="TypeRefBase"/> is equivalent to another one.
            /// </summary>
            public bool Equals(TypeRefBase x, TypeRefBase y)  // For IEqualityComparer<TypeRefBase>
            {
                return x.IsSameRef(y);
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Calculate the hash code for the specified <see cref="TypeRefBase"/>.
            /// </summary>
            public int GetHashCode(TypeRefBase obj)  // For IEqualityComparer<TypeRefBase>
            {
                return obj.GetIsSameRefHashCode();
            }
        }

        #endregion
    }
}