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C# MIDI Toolkit

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18 Apr 2007MIT18 min read 3.1M   41.7K   303  
A toolkit for creating MIDI applications with C#.
/*
 * Created by: Leslie Sanford
 * 
 * Contact: jabberdabber@hotmail.com
 * 
 * Last modified: 10/04/2004
 */

using System;

using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Multimedia.Midi
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents methods for handling position changed events.
    /// </summary>
    public delegate void PositionChangedEventHandler(object sender, PositionChangedEventArgs e);

	/// <summary>
	/// Provides functionality for controlling playback timing with slave 
	/// capabilities.
	/// </summary>
	public class SlaveClock : MasterClock
	{
        #region SlaveClock Members

        #region Delegates

        /// <summary>
        /// Represents state handler methods.
        /// </summary>
        private delegate void SlaveModeCallback(SysRealtimeEventArgs e);

        #endregion

        #region Constants

        // A value used to calculate microseconds per beat.
        private const int TempoScale = 24000;

        #endregion

        #region Fields

        // Indicates whether or not the slave mode is enabled.
        private bool slaveEnabled = false;

        // For receiving MIDI messages.
        private IMidiReceiver midiReceiver;

        // Represents the current state handler.
        private SlaveModeCallback state;

        // The previous time stamp of the last clock message.
        private int prevTimeStamp;

        #endregion

        #region Events

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs when a song position pointer message is received from a 
        /// master device.
        /// </summary>
        public event PositionChangedEventHandler PositionChanged;

        #endregion

        #region Construction

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes an instance of the SlaveClock class with the specified
        /// MIDI receiver, MIDI sender, and tick generator.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="midiReceiver">
        /// The MIDI receiver used for receiving MIDI messages from a master 
        /// device.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="midiSender">
        /// The MIDI sender used for sending MIDI messages to slave devices.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="tickGenerator">
        /// The tick generator the MIDI clock will control.
        /// </param>
		public SlaveClock(IMidiReceiver midiReceiver, IMidiSender midiSender, 
            TickGenerator tickGenerator) : base(midiSender, tickGenerator)
		{
            this.midiReceiver = midiReceiver;            
		}

        #endregion

        #region Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Starts the MIDI clock.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the slave mode has been enabled, this method has no effect.
        /// </remarks>
        public override void Start()
        {
            // If the slave mode is not enabled, use base class functionality.
            if(!SlaveEnabled)
            {
                base.Start();
                return;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Continues the MIDI clock.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the slave mode has been enabled, this method has no effect.
        /// </remarks>
        public override void Continue()
        {
            // If the slave mode is not enabled, use base class functionality.
            if(!SlaveEnabled)
            {
                base.Continue();
                return;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Stops the MIDI clock.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the slave mode has been enabled, this method has no effect.
        /// </remarks>
        public override void Stop()
        {
            // If the slave mode is not enabled, use base class functionality.
            if(!SlaveEnabled)
            {
                base.Stop();
                return;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Disposes of the MIDI clock.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="disposing">
        /// A value indicating whether or not to dispose of the MIDI clock.
        /// </param>
        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if(disposing)
            {
                SlaveEnabled = false;
                base.Dispose(disposing);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Handles system realtime received events.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sender">
        /// The MIDI receiver responsible for the event.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="e">
        /// Information about the event.
        /// </param>
        private void SysRealtimeReceivedHandler(object sender, SysRealtimeEventArgs e)
        {
            // Pass on the event to the current state.
            state(e);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Handles system common received events.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sender">
        /// The MIDI receiver responsible for the event.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="e">
        /// Information about the event.
        /// </param>
        private void SysCommonReceivedHandler(object sender, SysCommonEventArgs e)
        {
            // Guard.
            if(!SlaveEnabled)
                return;            

            // If the position has changed.
            if(e.Message.Type == SysCommonType.SongPositionPointer &&
                PositionChanged != null)
            {
                SongPositionPointer spp = 
                    new SongPositionPointer(tickGenerator.Ppqn, e.Message);

                bool wasRunning = IsRunning();

                // If the tick Generator is running, stop it momentarily to 
                // give listeners a chance to update their position when the 
                // PositionChanged event is raised.
                //
                // Ideally, any master device sending a song position pointer 
                // messages would send a stop message first so that the slave 
                // is not running when the position is changed. 
                if(wasRunning)
                    tickGenerator.Stop();

                PositionChanged(this, 
                    new PositionChangedEventArgs(spp.PositionInTicks));

                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);

                // Restart tick generator if it was previously running.
                if(wasRunning)
                    tickGenerator.Start();
            }
        }

        #region State Handlers

        /// <summary>
        /// Initial state.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="e">
        /// Information about the event.
        /// </param>
        private void Initial(SysRealtimeEventArgs e)
        {
            // If this is a start event.
            if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Start)
            {
                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);                

                // Transition to the waiting state.
                state = new SlaveModeCallback(Waiting);

                // Raise starting event.
                OnStarting();
            }
            // Else if this is a continue event.
            else if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Continue)
            { 
                // Transition to the waiting state.
                state = new SlaveModeCallback(Waiting);

                // Raise contining event.
                OnContinuing();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Waiting state.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="e">
        /// Information about the event.
        /// </param>
        private void Waiting(SysRealtimeEventArgs e)
        {
            // If this is a clock event.
            if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Clock)
            {
                // Keep track of time stamp.
                prevTimeStamp = e.TimeStamp;

                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);

                // The first clock message has been received, start the tick
                // generator.
                tickGenerator.Start();

                // Transition to the running state.
                state = new SlaveModeCallback(Running);
            }
            // Else if this is a stop event.
            else if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Stop)
            {
                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);

                // Transition to the initial state.
                state = new SlaveModeCallback(Initial);

                // Raise the stopping event.
                OnStopping();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Running state.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="e">
        /// Information about the event.
        /// </param>
        private void Running(SysRealtimeEventArgs e)
        {
            // If this is a clock event.
            if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Clock)
            {
                // Calculate tempo based on the time that has elapsed since the 
                // last clock message.
                //
                // To calculate the tempo based on clock messages, determine 
                // the time in milliseconds that have elapsed since the last 
                // clock message. Since there are 24 clock messages per beat,
                // multiply the elapsed time by 24 to get the milliseconds per
                // beat value. And since the tempo is measured in microseconds
                // per beat, multiply this value by 1000. The TempoScale 
                // constant takes care of combining the number of clock 
                // messages per beat with the microsecond scale.
                int tempo = (e.TimeStamp - prevTimeStamp) * TempoScale;

                // If the tempo has changed, change the tick generator's tempo.
                if(tempo != tickGenerator.Tempo && 
                    tempo >= TickGenerator.TempoMin &&
                    tempo <= TickGenerator.TempoMax)
                {
                    tickGenerator.Tempo = tempo;
                }

                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);

                // Keep track of timestamp.
                prevTimeStamp = e.TimeStamp;
            }
            // Else if this is a stop message.
            else if(e.Message.Type == SysRealtimeType.Stop)
            {                
                tickGenerator.Stop();

                if(MasterEnabled)
                    midiSender.Send(e.Message);                

                // Transition to the initial state.
                state = new SlaveModeCallback(Initial);

                // Raise stopping event.
                OnStopping();
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #endregion

        #region Properties

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether or not the slave mode is
        /// enabled.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Enabling the slave mode causes the MIDI clock to begin waiting for 
        /// MIDI messages for synchronizing playback.
        /// </remarks>
        public bool SlaveEnabled
        {
            get
            {
                return slaveEnabled;
            }
            set
            {
                if(slaveEnabled == value)
                    return;                

                // If the slave mode has been enabled.
                if(value)
                {
                    Stop();                    

                    // Initialize state handler.
                    state = new SlaveModeCallback(Initial);

                    // Connect to MIDI receiver and begin receiving MIDI 
                    // messages.
                    midiReceiver.SysRealtimeReceived += 
                        new SysRealtimeEventHandler(SysRealtimeReceivedHandler);
                    midiReceiver.SysCommonReceived += 
                        new SysCommonEventHandler(SysCommonReceivedHandler);
                    midiReceiver.Start();
                }
                // Else the slave mode has not been enabled.
                else
                {
                    if(IsRunning())
                    {
                        tickGenerator.Stop();
                        OnStopping();
                    }

                    // Stop MIDI receiver and disconnect from it.
                    midiReceiver.Stop();
                    midiReceiver.SysRealtimeReceived -= 
                        new SysRealtimeEventHandler(SysRealtimeReceivedHandler);
                    midiReceiver.SysCommonReceived -= 
                        new SysCommonEventHandler(SysCommonReceivedHandler);
                }

                slaveEnabled = value;
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #endregion
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides data for the PositionChanged event.
    /// </summary>
    public class PositionChangedEventArgs : EventArgs
    {
        #region PositionChangedEventArgs Members

        #region Fields 

        // The position in ticks.
        private int position;

        #endregion

        #region Construction

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the PositionChangeEventArgs class 
        /// with the specified position.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="position">
        /// The position in ticks.
        /// </param>
        public PositionChangedEventArgs(int position)
        {
            this.position = position;
        }

        #endregion

        #region Properties

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the position in ticks.
        /// </summary>
        public int Position
        {
            get
            {
                return position;
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #endregion
    }
}

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This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The MIT License


Written By
United States United States
Aside from dabbling in BASIC on his old Atari 1040ST years ago, Leslie's programming experience didn't really begin until he discovered the Internet in the late 90s. There he found a treasure trove of information about two of his favorite interests: MIDI and sound synthesis.

After spending a good deal of time calculating formulas he found on the Internet for creating new sounds by hand, he decided that an easier way would be to program the computer to do the work for him. This led him to learn C. He discovered that beyond using programming as a tool for synthesizing sound, he loved programming in and of itself.

Eventually he taught himself C++ and C#, and along the way he immersed himself in the ideas of object oriented programming. Like many of us, he gotten bitten by the design patterns bug and a copy of GOF is never far from his hands.

Now his primary interest is in creating a complete MIDI toolkit using the C# language. He hopes to create something that will become an indispensable tool for those wanting to write MIDI applications for the .NET framework.

Besides programming, his other interests are photography and playing his Les Paul guitars.

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