WPF x FileExplorer x MVVM

//Based on Delay's work  :
//(http://blogs.msdn.com/delay/archive/2009/10/26/
//             creating-something-from-nothing-developer-friendly-virtual-file-implementation-for-net.aspx)        //
//Modified to work with dotNet 2.0 by LYCJ, distribute as part of the QuickZip.PIDL/COFE project

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Delay
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class implementing drag/drop and clipboard support for virtual files.
    /// Also offers an alternate interface to the IDataObject interface.
    /// </summary>
    public /*sealed*/ class VirtualFileDataObject : System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject, IAsyncOperation
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the data object can be used asynchronously.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsAsynchronous { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Identifier for CFSTR_FILECONTENTS.
        /// </summary>
        private static short FILECONTENTS =
            (short)(DataFormats.GetFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_FILECONTENTS).Id);
            //(short)(DataFormats.GetDataFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_FILECONTENTS).Id);

        /// <summary>
        /// Identifier for CFSTR_FILEDESCRIPTORW.
        /// </summary>
        private static short FILEDESCRIPTORW = 
            (short)(DataFormats.GetFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_FILEDESCRIPTORW).Id);
            //(short)(DataFormats.GetDataFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_FILEDESCRIPTORW).Id);

        /// <summary>
        /// Identifier for CFSTR_PASTESUCCEEDED.
        /// </summary>
        private static short PASTESUCCEEDED = 
            (short)(DataFormats.GetFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PASTESUCCEEDED).Id);
            //(short)(DataFormats.GetDataFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PASTESUCCEEDED).Id);

        /// <summary>
        /// Identifier for CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT.
        /// </summary>
        private static short PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT = 
            (short)(DataFormats.GetFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT).Id);
            //(short)(DataFormats.GetDataFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT).Id);

        /// <summary>
        /// Identifier for CFSTR_PREFERREDDROPEFFECT.
        /// </summary>
        private static short PREFERREDDROPEFFECT = 
            (short)(DataFormats.GetFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PREFERREDDROPEFFECT).Id);
            //(short)(DataFormats.GetDataFormat(NativeMethods.CFSTR_PREFERREDDROPEFFECT).Id);

        /// <summary>
        /// In-order list of registered data objects.
        /// </summary>
        private List<DataObject> _dataObjects = new List<DataObject>();

        /// <summary>
        /// Tracks whether an asynchronous operation is ongoing.
        /// </summary>
        private bool _inOperation;

        /// <summary>
        /// Stores the user-specified start action.
        /// </summary>
        private Action<VirtualFileDataObject> _startAction;

        /// <summary>
        /// Stores the user-specified end action.
        /// </summary>
        private Action<VirtualFileDataObject> _endAction;

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the VirtualFileDataObject class.
        /// </summary>
        public VirtualFileDataObject()
        {
            IsAsynchronous = true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the VirtualFileDataObject class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="startAction">Optional action to run at the start of the data transfer.</param>
        /// <param name="endAction">Optional action to run at the end of the data transfer.</param>
        public VirtualFileDataObject(Action<VirtualFileDataObject> startAction, Action<VirtualFileDataObject> endAction)
            : this()
        {
            _startAction = startAction;
            _endAction = endAction;
        }

        #region IDataObject Members
        // Explicit interface implementation hides the technical details from users of VirtualFileDataObject.

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a connection between a data object and an advisory sink.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pFormatetc">A FORMATETC structure that defines the format, target device, aspect, and medium that will be used for future notifications.</param>
        /// <param name="advf">One of the ADVF values that specifies a group of flags for controlling the advisory connection.</param>
        /// <param name="adviseSink">A pointer to the IAdviseSink interface on the advisory sink that will receive the change notification.</param>
        /// <param name="connection">When this method returns, contains a pointer to a DWORD token that identifies this connection.</param>
        /// <returns>HRESULT success code.</returns>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        int System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.DAdvise(ref FORMATETC pFormatetc, ADVF advf, IAdviseSink adviseSink, out int connection)
        {
            Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeMethods.OLE_E_ADVISENOTSUPPORTED);
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Destroys a notification connection that had been previously established.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="connection">A DWORD token that specifies the connection to remove.</param>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        void System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.DUnadvise(int connection)
        {
            Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeMethods.OLE_E_ADVISENOTSUPPORTED);
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an object that can be used to enumerate the current advisory connections.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="enumAdvise">When this method returns, contains an IEnumSTATDATA that receives the interface pointer to the new enumerator object.</param>
        /// <returns>HRESULT success code.</returns>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        int System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.EnumDAdvise(out IEnumSTATDATA enumAdvise)
        {
            Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeMethods.OLE_E_ADVISENOTSUPPORTED);
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an object for enumerating the FORMATETC structures for a data object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="direction">One of the DATADIR values that specifies the direction of the data.</param>
        /// <returns>IEnumFORMATETC interface.</returns>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        IEnumFORMATETC System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.EnumFormatEtc(DATADIR direction)
        {
            if (direction == DATADIR.DATADIR_GET)
            {
                if (0 == _dataObjects.Count)
                {
                    // Note: SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc fails for a count of 0; throw helpful exception
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("VirtualFileDataObject requires at least one data object to enumerate.");
                }

                List<FORMATETC> retVal = new List<FORMATETC>();
                foreach (DataObject dataObj in _dataObjects)
                    retVal.Add(dataObj.FORMATETC);

                // Create enumerator and return it
                IEnumFORMATETC enumerator;
                if (NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(NativeMethods.SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc
                    ((uint)(_dataObjects.Count),
                    retVal.ToArray(), out enumerator)))
                {
                    return enumerator;
                }

                //// Create enumerator and return it
                //IEnumFORMATETC enumerator;
                //if (NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(
                //    NativeMethods.SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc((uint)(_dataObjects.Count), 
                //    _dataObjects.Select(d => d.FORMATETC).ToArray(), out enumerator)))
                //{
                //    return enumerator;
                //}

                // Returning null here can cause an AV in the caller; throw instead
                Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(NativeMethods.E_FAIL);
            }
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Provides a standard FORMATETC structure that is logically equivalent to a more complex structure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="formatIn">A pointer to a FORMATETC structure that defines the format, medium, and target device that the caller would like to use to retrieve data in a subsequent call such as GetData.</param>
        /// <param name="formatOut">When this method returns, contains a pointer to a FORMATETC structure that contains the most general information possible for a specific rendering, making it canonically equivalent to formatetIn.</param>
        /// <returns>HRESULT success code.</returns>
        int System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.GetCanonicalFormatEtc(ref FORMATETC formatIn, out FORMATETC formatOut)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Obtains data from a source data object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="format">A pointer to a FORMATETC structure that defines the format, medium, and target device to use when passing the data.</param>
        /// <param name="medium">When this method returns, contains a pointer to the STGMEDIUM structure that indicates the storage medium containing the returned data through its tymed member, and the responsibility for releasing the medium through the value of its pUnkForRelease member.</param>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        void System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.GetData(ref FORMATETC format, out STGMEDIUM medium)
        {
            medium = new STGMEDIUM();
            var hr = ((System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject)this).QueryGetData(ref format);
            if (NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(hr))
            {
                // Find the best match
                DataObject dataObject = null;
                for (int i = 0; i < _dataObjects.Count; i++)
                {
                    DataObject d = _dataObjects[i];
                    if (d.FORMATETC.cfFormat == format.cfFormat &&
                        d.FORMATETC.dwAspect == format.dwAspect &&
                        (d.FORMATETC.tymed & format.tymed) != 0 &&
                        d.FORMATETC.lindex == format.lindex)
                    {
                        dataObject = d;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                //var formatCopy = format; // Cannot use ref or out parameter inside an anonymous method, lambda expression, or query expression
                //var dataObject = _dataObjects
                //    .Where(d =>
                //        (d.FORMATETC.cfFormat == formatCopy.cfFormat) &&
                //        (d.FORMATETC.dwAspect == formatCopy.dwAspect) &&
                //        (0 != (d.FORMATETC.tymed & formatCopy.tymed) &&
                //        (d.FORMATETC.lindex == formatCopy.lindex)))
                //    .FirstOrDefault();
                if (dataObject != null)
                {
                    if (!IsAsynchronous && (FILEDESCRIPTORW == dataObject.FORMATETC.cfFormat) && !_inOperation)
                    {
                        // Enter the operation and call the start action
                        _inOperation = true;
                        if (null != _startAction)
                        {
                            _startAction(this);
                        }
                    }

                    // Populate the STGMEDIUM
                    medium.tymed = dataObject.FORMATETC.tymed;
                    var result = dataObject.GetData(); // Possible call to user code
                    hr = result.Item2;
                    if (NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(hr))
                    {
                        medium.unionmember = result.Item1;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // Couldn't find a match
                    hr = NativeMethods.DV_E_FORMATETC;
                }
            }
            if (!NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(hr)) // Not redundant; hr gets updated in the block above
            {
                Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(hr);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Obtains data from a source data object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="format">A pointer to a FORMATETC structure that defines the format, medium, and target device to use when passing the data.</param>
        /// <param name="medium">A STGMEDIUM that defines the storage medium containing the data being transferred.</param>
        void System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.GetDataHere(ref FORMATETC format, ref STGMEDIUM medium)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the data object is capable of rendering the data described in the FORMATETC structure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="format">A pointer to a FORMATETC structure that defines the format, medium, and target device to use for the query.</param>
        /// <returns>HRESULT success code.</returns>
        int System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.QueryGetData(ref FORMATETC format)
        {
            foreach (DataObject d in _dataObjects)
                if (d.FORMATETC.cfFormat == format.cfFormat)
                    return NativeMethods.DV_E_FORMATETC;
            foreach (DataObject d in _dataObjects)
                if (d.FORMATETC.tymed == format.tymed)
                    return NativeMethods.DV_E_TYMED;
            foreach (DataObject d in _dataObjects)
                if (d.FORMATETC.dwAspect == format.dwAspect)
                    return NativeMethods.DV_E_TYMED;
            return NativeMethods.S_OK;
            //var formatCopy = format; // Cannot use ref or out parameter inside an anonymous method, lambda expression, or query expression
            //var formatMatches = _dataObjects.Where(d => d.FORMATETC.cfFormat == formatCopy.cfFormat);
            //if (!formatMatches.Any())
            //{
            //    return NativeMethods.DV_E_FORMATETC;
            //}
            //var tymedMatches = formatMatches.Where(d => 0 != (d.FORMATETC.tymed & formatCopy.tymed));
            //if (!tymedMatches.Any())
            //{
            //    return NativeMethods.DV_E_TYMED;
            //}
            //var aspectMatches = tymedMatches.Where(d => d.FORMATETC.dwAspect == formatCopy.dwAspect);
            //if (!aspectMatches.Any())
            //{
            //    return NativeMethods.DV_E_DVASPECT;
            //}
            //return NativeMethods.S_OK;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Transfers data to the object that implements this method.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="formatIn">A FORMATETC structure that defines the format used by the data object when interpreting the data contained in the storage medium.</param>
        /// <param name="medium">A STGMEDIUM structure that defines the storage medium in which the data is being passed.</param>
        /// <param name="release">true to specify that the data object called, which implements SetData, owns the storage medium after the call returns.</param>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        void System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject.SetData(ref FORMATETC formatIn, ref STGMEDIUM medium, bool release)
        {
            var handled = false;
            if ((formatIn.dwAspect == DVASPECT.DVASPECT_CONTENT) &&
                (formatIn.tymed == TYMED.TYMED_HGLOBAL) &&
                (medium.tymed == formatIn.tymed))
            {
                // Supported format; capture the data
                var ptr = NativeMethods.GlobalLock(medium.unionmember);
                if (IntPtr.Zero != ptr)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        var length = NativeMethods.GlobalSize(ptr).ToInt32();
                        var data = new byte[length];
                        Marshal.Copy(ptr, data, 0, length);
                        // Store it in our own format
                        SetData(formatIn.cfFormat, data);
                        handled = true;
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        NativeMethods.GlobalUnlock(medium.unionmember);
                    }
                }

                // Release memory if we now own it
                if (release)
                {
                    Marshal.FreeHGlobal(medium.unionmember);
                }
            }

            // Handle synchronous mode
            if (!IsAsynchronous && (PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT == formatIn.cfFormat) && _inOperation)
            {
                // Call the end action and exit the operation
                if (null != _endAction)
                {
                    _endAction(this);
                }
                _inOperation = false;
            }

            // Throw if unhandled
            if (!handled)
            {
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }
        }

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// Provides data for the specified data format (HGLOBAL).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataFormat">Data format.</param>
        /// <param name="data">Sequence of data.</param>
        public void SetData(short dataFormat, IEnumerable<byte> data)
        {
            _dataObjects.Add(
                new DataObject
                {
                    FORMATETC = new FORMATETC
                    {
                        cfFormat = dataFormat,
                        ptd = IntPtr.Zero,
                        dwAspect = DVASPECT.DVASPECT_CONTENT,
                        lindex = -1,
                        tymed = TYMED.TYMED_HGLOBAL
                    },
                    GetData = () =>
                    {
                        //var dataArray = data.ToArray();
                        //var ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(dataArray.Length);
                        byte[] dataArray = (new List<byte>(data)).ToArray();
                        IntPtr ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(dataArray.Length);

                        Marshal.Copy(dataArray, 0, ptr, dataArray.Length);
                        return new Tuple<IntPtr, int>(ptr, NativeMethods.S_OK);
                    },
                });
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Provides data for the specified data format and index (ISTREAM).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dataFormat">Data format.</param>
        /// <param name="index">Index of data.</param>
        /// <param name="streamData">Action generating the data.</param>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Uses Stream instead of IEnumerable(T) because Stream is more likely
        /// to be natural for the expected scenarios.
        /// </remarks>
        public void SetData(short dataFormat, int index, Action<Stream> streamData)
        {
            _dataObjects.Add(
                new DataObject
                {
                    FORMATETC = new FORMATETC
                    {
                        cfFormat = dataFormat,
                        ptd = IntPtr.Zero,
                        dwAspect = DVASPECT.DVASPECT_CONTENT,
                        lindex = index,
                        tymed = TYMED.TYMED_ISTREAM
                    },
                    GetData = () =>
                    {
                        // Create IStream for data
                        var ptr = IntPtr.Zero;
                        var iStream = NativeMethods.CreateStreamOnHGlobal(IntPtr.Zero, true);
                        if (streamData != null)
                        {
                            // Wrap in a .NET-friendly Stream and call provided code to fill it
                            using (var stream = new IStreamWrapper(iStream))
                            {
                                streamData(stream);
                            }
                        }
                        // Return an IntPtr for the IStream
                        ptr = Marshal.GetComInterfaceForObject(iStream, typeof(IStream));
                        Marshal.ReleaseComObject(iStream);
                        return new Tuple<IntPtr, int>(ptr, NativeMethods.S_OK);
                    },
                });
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Provides data for the specified data format (FILEGROUPDESCRIPTOR/FILEDESCRIPTOR)
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="fileDescriptors">Collection of virtual files.</param>
        public void SetData(IEnumerable<FileDescriptor> fileDescriptors)
        {
            // Prepare buffer
            var bytes = new List<byte>();
            int count = new List<FileDescriptor>(fileDescriptors).Count;
            // Add FILEGROUPDESCRIPTOR header
            //bytes.AddRange(StructureBytes(new NativeMethods.FILEGROUPDESCRIPTOR { cItems = 
            //    (uint)(fileDescriptors.Count()) }));

            bytes.AddRange(StructureBytes(new NativeMethods.FILEGROUPDESCRIPTOR { cItems = 
                (uint)count }));

            // Add n FILEDESCRIPTORs
            foreach (var fileDescriptor in fileDescriptors)
            {
                // Set required fields
                var FILEDESCRIPTOR = new NativeMethods.FILEDESCRIPTOR
                {
                    cFileName = fileDescriptor.Name,
                };
                // Set optional timestamp
                if (fileDescriptor.ChangeTimeUtc.HasValue)
                {
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.dwFlags |= NativeMethods.FD_CREATETIME | NativeMethods.FD_WRITESTIME;
                    var changeTime = fileDescriptor.ChangeTimeUtc.Value.ToLocalTime().ToFileTime();
                    var changeTimeFileTime = new System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.FILETIME
                    {
                        dwLowDateTime = (int)(changeTime & 0xffffffff),
                        dwHighDateTime = (int)(changeTime >> 32),
                    };
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.ftLastWriteTime = changeTimeFileTime;
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.ftCreationTime = changeTimeFileTime;
                }
                // Set optional length
                if (fileDescriptor.Length.HasValue)
                {
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.dwFlags |= NativeMethods.FD_FILESIZE;
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.nFileSizeLow = (uint)(fileDescriptor.Length & 0xffffffff);
                    FILEDESCRIPTOR.nFileSizeHigh = (uint)(fileDescriptor.Length >> 32);
                }
                // Add structure to buffer
                bytes.AddRange(StructureBytes(FILEDESCRIPTOR));
            }

            // Set CFSTR_FILEDESCRIPTORW
            SetData(FILEDESCRIPTORW, bytes);
            // Set n CFSTR_FILECONTENTS
            var index = 0;
            foreach (var fileDescriptor in fileDescriptors)
            {
                SetData(FILECONTENTS, index, fileDescriptor.StreamContents);
                index++;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the CFSTR_PASTESUCCEEDED value for the object.
        /// </summary>
        public DragDropEffects? PasteSucceeded
        {
            get { return GetDropEffect(PASTESUCCEEDED); }
            set { SetData(PASTESUCCEEDED, BitConverter.GetBytes((UInt32)value)); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT value for the object.
        /// </summary>
        public DragDropEffects? PerformedDropEffect
        {
            get { return GetDropEffect(PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT); }
            set { SetData(PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT, BitConverter.GetBytes((UInt32)value)); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the CFSTR_PREFERREDDROPEFFECT value for the object.
        /// </summary>
        public DragDropEffects? PreferredDropEffect
        {
            get { return GetDropEffect(PREFERREDDROPEFFECT); }
            set { SetData(PREFERREDDROPEFFECT, BitConverter.GetBytes((UInt32)value)); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the DragDropEffects value (if any) previously set on the object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="format">Clipboard format.</param>
        /// <returns>DragDropEffects value or null.</returns>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        private DragDropEffects? GetDropEffect(short format)
        {
            // Get the most recent setting
            //var dataObject = _dataObjects
            //    .Where(d =>
            //        (format == d.FORMATETC.cfFormat) &&
            //        (DVASPECT.DVASPECT_CONTENT == d.FORMATETC.dwAspect) &&
            //        (TYMED.TYMED_HGLOBAL == d.FORMATETC.tymed))
            //    .LastOrDefault();
            DataObject dataObject = null;
            for (int i = 0; i < _dataObjects.Count; i++)
            {
                DataObject d = _dataObjects[i];
                if (d.FORMATETC.cfFormat == format &&
                    d.FORMATETC.dwAspect == DVASPECT.DVASPECT_CONTENT &&
                    d.FORMATETC.tymed == TYMED.TYMED_HGLOBAL)
                {
                    dataObject = d;
                }
            }

            if (null != dataObject)
            {
                // Read the value and return it
                var result = dataObject.GetData();
                if (NativeMethods.SUCCEEDED(result.Item2))
                {
                    var ptr = NativeMethods.GlobalLock(result.Item1);
                    if (IntPtr.Zero != ptr)
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            var length = NativeMethods.GlobalSize(ptr).ToInt32();
                            if (4 == length)
                            {
                                var data = new byte[length];
                                Marshal.Copy(ptr, data, 0, length);
                                return (DragDropEffects)(BitConverter.ToUInt32(data, 0));
                            }
                        }
                        finally
                        {
                            NativeMethods.GlobalUnlock(result.Item1);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

        #region IAsyncOperation Members
        // Explicit interface implementation hides the technical details from users of VirtualFileDataObject.

        /// <summary>
        /// Called by a drop source to specify whether the data object supports asynchronous data extraction.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="fDoOpAsync">A Boolean value that is set to VARIANT_TRUE to indicate that an asynchronous operation is supported, or VARIANT_FALSE otherwise.</param>
        void IAsyncOperation.SetAsyncMode(int fDoOpAsync)
        {
            IsAsynchronous = !(NativeMethods.VARIANT_FALSE == fDoOpAsync);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Called by a drop target to determine whether the data object supports asynchronous data extraction.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pfIsOpAsync">A Boolean value that is set to VARIANT_TRUE to indicate that an asynchronous operation is supported, or VARIANT_FALSE otherwise.</param>
        void IAsyncOperation.GetAsyncMode(out int pfIsOpAsync)
        {
            pfIsOpAsync = IsAsynchronous ? NativeMethods.VARIANT_TRUE : NativeMethods.VARIANT_FALSE;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Called by a drop target to indicate that asynchronous data extraction is starting.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pbcReserved">Reserved. Set this value to NULL.</param>
        void IAsyncOperation.StartOperation(IBindCtx pbcReserved)
        {
            _inOperation = true;
            if (null != _startAction)
            {
                _startAction(this);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Called by the drop source to determine whether the target is extracting data asynchronously.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pfInAsyncOp">Set to VARIANT_TRUE if data extraction is being handled asynchronously, or VARIANT_FALSE otherwise.</param>
        void IAsyncOperation.InOperation(out int pfInAsyncOp)
        {
            pfInAsyncOp = _inOperation ? NativeMethods.VARIANT_TRUE : NativeMethods.VARIANT_FALSE;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Notifies the data object that that asynchronous data extraction has ended.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="hResult">An HRESULT value that indicates the outcome of the data extraction. Set to S_OK if successful, or a COM error code otherwise.</param>
        /// <param name="pbcReserved">Reserved. Set to NULL.</param>
        /// <param name="dwEffects">A DROPEFFECT value that indicates the result of an optimized move. This should be the same value that would be passed to the data object as a CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT format with a normal data extraction operation.</param>
        void IAsyncOperation.EndOperation(int hResult, IBindCtx pbcReserved, uint dwEffects)
        {
            if (null != _endAction)
            {
                _endAction(this);
            }
            _inOperation = false;
        }

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the in-memory representation of an interop structure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="source">Structure to return.</param>
        /// <returns>In-memory representation of structure.</returns>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2122:DoNotIndirectlyExposeMethodsWithLinkDemands", Justification = "Method doesn't decrease security.")]
        protected static IEnumerable<byte> StructureBytes(object source)
        {
            // Set up for call to StructureToPtr
            var size = Marshal.SizeOf(source.GetType());
            var ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);
            var bytes = new byte[size];
            try
            {
                Marshal.StructureToPtr(source, ptr, false);
                // Copy marshalled bytes to buffer
                Marshal.Copy(ptr, bytes, 0, size);
            }
            finally
            {
                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(ptr);
            }
            return bytes;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Class representing a virtual file for use by drag/drop or the clipboard.
        /// </summary>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1034:NestedTypesShouldNotBeVisible", Justification = "Deliberate to provide obvious coupling.")]
        public class FileDescriptor
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Gets or sets the name of the file.
            /// </summary>
            public string Name { get; set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets or sets the (optional) length of the file.
            /// </summary>
            public Int64? Length { get; set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets or sets the (optional) change time of the file.
            /// </summary>
            public DateTime? ChangeTimeUtc { get; set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets or sets an Action that returns the contents of the file.
            /// </summary>
            public Action<Stream> StreamContents { get; set; }
        }


        private delegate Tuple<IntPtr, int> GetDataDelegate();
        /// <summary>
        /// Class representing the result of a SetData call.
        /// </summary>
        private class DataObject
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// FORMATETC structure for the data.
            /// </summary>
            public FORMATETC FORMATETC { get; set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Func returning the data as an IntPtr and an HRESULT success code.
            /// </summary>
            public GetDataDelegate GetData { get; set; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Represents a 2-tuple, or pair.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Minimal implementation of the .NET 4 Tuple class; remove if running on .NET 4.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <typeparam name="T1">The type of the tuple's first component.</typeparam>
        /// <typeparam name="T2">The type of the tuple's second component.</typeparam>
        private class Tuple<T1, T2>
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Gets the value of the current Tuple(T1, T2) object's first component.
            /// </summary>
            public T1 Item1 { get; private set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets the value of the current Tuple(T1, T2) object's second component.
            /// </summary>
            public T2 Item2 { get; private set; }

            /// <summary>
            /// Initializes a new instance of the Tuple(T1, T2) class.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="item1">The value of the tuple's first component.</param>
            /// <param name="item2">The value of the tuple's second component.</param>
            public Tuple(T1 item1, T2 item2)
            {
                Item1 = item1;
                Item2 = item2;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Simple class that exposes a write-only IStream as a Stream.
        /// </summary>
        private class IStreamWrapper : Stream
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// IStream instance being wrapped.
            /// </summary>
            private IStream _iStream;

            /// <summary>
            /// Initializes a new instance of the IStreamWrapper class.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="iStream">IStream instance to wrap.</param>
            public IStreamWrapper(IStream iStream)
            {
                _iStream = iStream;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets a value indicating whether the current stream supports reading.
            /// </summary>
            public override bool CanRead
            {
                get { return false; }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets a value indicating whether the current stream supports seeking.
            /// </summary>
            public override bool CanSeek
            {
                get { return false; }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets a value indicating whether the current stream supports writing.
            /// </summary>
            public override bool CanWrite
            {
                get { return true; }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Clears all buffers for this stream and causes any buffered data to be written to the underlying device.
            /// </summary>
            public override void Flush()
            {
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets the length in bytes of the stream.
            /// </summary>
            public override long Length
            {
                get { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gets or sets the position within the current stream.
            /// </summary>
            public override long Position
            {
                get { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
                set { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Reads a sequence of bytes from the current stream and advances the position within the stream by the number of bytes read.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="buffer">An array of bytes. When this method returns, the buffer contains the specified byte array with the values between offset and (offset + count - 1) replaced by the bytes read from the current source.</param>
            /// <param name="offset">The zero-based byte offset in buffer at which to begin storing the data read from the current stream.</param>
            /// <param name="count">The maximum number of bytes to be read from the current stream.</param>
            /// <returns>The total number of bytes read into the buffer. This can be less than the number of bytes requested if that many bytes are not currently available, or zero (0) if the end of the stream has been reached.</returns>
            public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Sets the position within the current stream.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="offset">A byte offset relative to the origin parameter.</param>
            /// <param name="origin">A value of type SeekOrigin indicating the reference point used to obtain the new position.</param>
            /// <returns>The new position within the current stream.</returns>
            public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
            {
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Sets the length of the current stream.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="value">The desired length of the current stream in bytes.</param>
            public override void SetLength(long value)
            {
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Writes a sequence of bytes to the current stream and advances the current position within this stream by the number of bytes written.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="buffer">An array of bytes. This method copies count bytes from buffer to the current stream.</param>
            /// <param name="offset">The zero-based byte offset in buffer at which to begin copying bytes to the current stream.</param>
            /// <param name="count">The number of bytes to be written to the current stream.</param>
            public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {
                if (offset == 0)
                {
                    // Optimize common case to avoid creating extra buffers
                    _iStream.Write(buffer, count, IntPtr.Zero);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Easy way to provide the relevant byte[]
                    byte[] newBuffer = new byte[count];
                    Array.Copy(buffer, offset, newBuffer, 0, count);
                    _iStream.Write(newBuffer, count, IntPtr.Zero);
                    //_iStream.Write(buffer.Skip(offset).ToArray(), count, IntPtr.Zero);
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initiates a drag-and-drop operation.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dragSource">A reference to the dependency object that is the source of the data being dragged.</param>
        /// <param name="dataObject">A data object that contains the data being dragged.</param>
        /// <param name="allowedEffects">One of the DragDropEffects values that specifies permitted effects of the drag-and-drop operation.</param>
        /// <returns>One of the DragDropEffects values that specifies the final effect that was performed during the drag-and-drop operation.</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Call this method instead of System.Windows.DragDrop.DoDragDrop because this method handles IDataObject better.
        /// </remarks>
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Usage", "CA1801:ReviewUnusedParameters", MessageId = "dragSource", Justification = "Parameter is present so the signature matches that of System.Windows.DragDrop.DoDragDrop.")]
        public static DragDropEffects DoDragDrop(object dragSource, System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject dataObject, DragDropEffects allowedEffects)
        {
            int[] finalEffect = new int[1];
            try
            {
                NativeMethods.DoDragDrop(dataObject, new DropSource(), (int)allowedEffects, finalEffect);
            }
            finally
            {
                var virtualFileDataObject = dataObject as VirtualFileDataObject;
                if ((null != virtualFileDataObject) && !virtualFileDataObject.IsAsynchronous && virtualFileDataObject._inOperation)
                {
                    // Call the end action and exit the operation
                    if (null != virtualFileDataObject._endAction)
                    {
                        virtualFileDataObject._endAction(virtualFileDataObject);
                    }
                    virtualFileDataObject._inOperation = false;
                }
            }
            return (DragDropEffects)(finalEffect[0]);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Contains the methods for generating visual feedback to the end user and for canceling or completing the drag-and-drop operation.
        /// </summary>
        private class DropSource : NativeMethods.IDropSource
        {
            private enum DragDropKeyStates
            {
                // Summary:
                //     No modifier keys or mouse buttons are pressed.
                None = 0,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The left mouse button is pressed.
                LeftMouseButton = 1,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The right mouse button is pressed.
                RightMouseButton = 2,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The shift (SHIFT) key is pressed.
                ShiftKey = 4,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The control (CTRL) key is pressed.
                ControlKey = 8,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The middle mouse button is pressed.
                MiddleMouseButton = 16,
                //
                // Summary:
                //     The ALT key is pressed.
                AltKey = 32,
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Determines whether a drag-and-drop operation should continue.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="fEscapePressed">Indicates whether the Esc key has been pressed since the previous call to QueryContinueDrag or to DoDragDrop if this is the first call to QueryContinueDrag. A TRUE value indicates the end user has pressed the escape key; a FALSE value indicates it has not been pressed.</param>
            /// <param name="grfKeyState">The current state of the keyboard modifier keys on the keyboard. Possible values can be a combination of any of the flags MK_CONTROL, MK_SHIFT, MK_ALT, MK_BUTTON, MK_LBUTTON, MK_MBUTTON, and MK_RBUTTON.</param>
            /// <returns>This method returns S_OK/DRAGDROP_S_DROP/DRAGDROP_S_CANCEL on success.</returns>
            public int QueryContinueDrag(int fEscapePressed, uint grfKeyState)
            {
                var escapePressed = (0 != fEscapePressed);
                var keyStates = (DragDropKeyStates)grfKeyState;
                if (escapePressed)
                {
                    return NativeMethods.DRAGDROP_S_CANCEL;
                }
                else if (DragDropKeyStates.None == (keyStates & DragDropKeyStates.LeftMouseButton))
                {
                    return NativeMethods.DRAGDROP_S_DROP;
                }
                return NativeMethods.S_OK;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Gives visual feedback to an end user during a drag-and-drop operation.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="dwEffect">The DROPEFFECT value returned by the most recent call to IDropTarget::DragEnter, IDropTarget::DragOver, or IDropTarget::DragLeave. </param>
            /// <returns>This method returns S_OK on success.</returns>
            public int GiveFeedback(uint dwEffect)
            {
                return NativeMethods.DRAGDROP_S_USEDEFAULTCURSORS;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Provides access to Win32-level constants, structures, and functions.
        /// </summary>
        protected static class NativeMethods
        {
            public const int DRAGDROP_S_DROP = 0x00040100;
            public const int DRAGDROP_S_CANCEL = 0x00040101;
            public const int DRAGDROP_S_USEDEFAULTCURSORS = 0x00040102;
            public const int DV_E_DVASPECT = -2147221397;
            public const int DV_E_FORMATETC = -2147221404;
            public const int DV_E_TYMED = -2147221399;
            public const int E_FAIL = -2147467259;
            public const uint FD_CREATETIME = 0x00000008;
            public const uint FD_WRITESTIME = 0x00000020;
            public const uint FD_FILESIZE = 0x00000040;
            public const int OLE_E_ADVISENOTSUPPORTED = -2147221501;
            public const int S_OK = 0;
            public const int S_FALSE = 1;
            public const int VARIANT_FALSE = 0;
            public const int VARIANT_TRUE = -1;

            public const string CFSTR_FILECONTENTS = "FileContents";
            public const string CFSTR_FILEDESCRIPTORW = "FileGroupDescriptorW";
            public const string CFSTR_PASTESUCCEEDED = "Paste Succeeded";
            public const string CFSTR_PERFORMEDDROPEFFECT = "Performed DropEffect";
            public const string CFSTR_PREFERREDDROPEFFECT = "Preferred DropEffect";

            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1815:OverrideEqualsAndOperatorEqualsOnValueTypes", Justification = "Structure exists for interop.")]
            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
            public struct FILEGROUPDESCRIPTOR
            {
                public UInt32 cItems;
                // Followed by 0 or more FILEDESCRIPTORs
            }

            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1815:OverrideEqualsAndOperatorEqualsOnValueTypes", Justification = "Structure exists for interop.")]
            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
            public struct FILEDESCRIPTOR
            {
                public UInt32 dwFlags;
                public Guid clsid;
                public Int32 sizelcx;
                public Int32 sizelcy;
                public Int32 pointlx;
                public Int32 pointly;
                public UInt32 dwFileAttributes;
                public System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.FILETIME ftCreationTime;
                public System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.FILETIME ftLastAccessTime;
                public System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.FILETIME ftLastWriteTime;
                public UInt32 nFileSizeHigh;
                public UInt32 nFileSizeLow;
                [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 260)]
                public string cFileName;
            }

            [ComImport]
            [Guid("00000121-0000-0000-C000-000000000046")]
            [InterfaceType(ComInterfaceType.InterfaceIsIUnknown)]
            public interface IDropSource
            {
                [PreserveSig]
                int QueryContinueDrag(int fEscapePressed, uint grfKeyState);
                [PreserveSig]
                int GiveFeedback(uint dwEffect);
            }

            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1021:AvoidOutParameters", MessageId = "2#", Justification = "Win32 API.")]
            [DllImport("shell32.dll")]
            public static extern int SHCreateStdEnumFmtEtc(uint cfmt, FORMATETC[] afmt, out IEnumFORMATETC ppenumFormatEtc);

            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Interface)]
            [DllImport("ole32.dll", PreserveSig = false)]
            public static extern IStream CreateStreamOnHGlobal(IntPtr hGlobal, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)] bool fDeleteOnRelease);

            [DllImport("ole32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, ExactSpelling = true, PreserveSig = false)]
            public static extern void DoDragDrop(System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.IDataObject dataObject, IDropSource dropSource, int allowedEffects, int[] finalEffect);

            [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr GlobalLock(IntPtr hMem);

            [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
            [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
            public static extern bool GlobalUnlock(IntPtr hMem);

            [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr GlobalSize(IntPtr handle);

            /// <summary>
            /// Returns true iff the HRESULT is a success code.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="hr">HRESULT to check.</param>
            /// <returns>True iff a success code.</returns>
            public static bool SUCCEEDED(int hr)
            {
                return (0 <= hr);
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Definition of the IAsyncOperation COM interface.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Pseudo-public because VirtualFileDataObject implements it.
    /// </remarks>
    [ComImport]
    [Guid("3D8B0590-F691-11d2-8EA9-006097DF5BD4")]
    [InterfaceType(ComInterfaceType.InterfaceIsIUnknown)]
    internal interface IAsyncOperation
    {
        void SetAsyncMode([In] Int32 fDoOpAsync);
        void GetAsyncMode([Out] out Int32 pfIsOpAsync);
        void StartOperation([In] IBindCtx pbcReserved);
        void InOperation([Out] out Int32 pfInAsyncOp);
        void EndOperation([In] Int32 hResult, [In] IBindCtx pbcReserved, [In] UInt32 dwEffects);
    }
}