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Take a look at IEEE 754 rounding. Wikipedia (IEEE 754 Rounding rules[^]) is a good starting point, but not necessarily the ultimate answer.
For any calculation with bits beyond what can be represented in the result definition, as long as they are available they should determine rounding. However, if the true result of a calculation is exactly one half of the resolution (so you do not have any hidden bits to help you), experts on error propagation will tell you that rounding up or down at random, or e.g. every second time, will reduce the average error (when we are talking about zillions of calculations and result roundings).
Religious freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make five.
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As always, it depends. The Round function can use different rules depending on what you pass it. It's all covered in the documentation on Round[^]. Just make sure you have the correct framework you're using selected in the top left of the page.
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It does both, does it not?
0.5 => 0
1.5 => 2
2.5 => 2
3.5 => 4
etc.
This was mainly Carl Friedrich Gauss's idea. Basically, its a choice you make, and you could choose differently. Your computer might do it differently...
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The question is not how to round.
The question is what exact business rules are being addressed.
This is much more true when dealing with currency of any sort. Often (always?) with currency rounding is covered by laws, regulations and/or contracts. And in complex systems one must do a data dip to determine the exact rule that applies for that case (always with a timestamp.)
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I did not ask "how" ... I learned to add 0.5 or 0.05 or .005 in elementary school. "Should" implies Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP) ... or what every search generally says about "rounding".
I don't expect that every person who learned these "rules" goes back to check every day to see if "convention" has changed.
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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Not sure what your original post was referring to.
But my point is that business rules, not code usage, determines how rounding should happen. So no one should ever code rounding without understanding the business rules that require it.
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I think you just want to add your 2 cents regardless of whether you understand the "original post" or not.
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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My "question" was more philosophical than technical.
I have built ERP systems from the ground up that passed audit from national accounting firms. My "naive" approach to rounding was never a problem. (And this was "before" .NET)
The concept of randomly deciding to go up or down, is not "determinate" from an auditing point of view.
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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There is a good option there which is not random: always round to the even number. Not being an accountant I don't know if auditors have their own rule.
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I have worked at different fintech companies for 10 years.
At least in one part of the industry rounding was specifically regulated. It varied by locality. And over time.
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Yes but that is accounting, not C#/.NET.
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So what about a programming developing an accounting application in C#?
Religious freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make five.
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What would you do in any other language?
There isn't a magic-bullet solution to this problem in any language. If the rules are subject to change, then you either need to recompile, or have some means of configuring the code to use specific rounding rules in specific situations.
The only complaint with .NET / C# is if you're stuck with .NET Framework, where you only options are "to even" or "away from zero"; the options for "to zero", "to negative infinity", and "to positive infinity" were added in .NET Core 3.0.
"These people looked deep within my soul and assigned me a number based on the order in which I joined."
- Homer
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Richard Deeming wrote: is if you're stuck with .NET Framework,
You can of course add code to potentially handle other situations.
Probably the most stringent part of this is that the developer should be able to show why they are using a specific rounding and then document it. Probably need to explain it as well. Both for potential audits as well as insuring future maintenance programmers do not 'fix' anything.
I have certainly had to explain this to non-developers before that should have already understood it since they were dealing with financial decisions daily.
This would always be the case when dealing with financial transactions. This can even become a problem when developers decide to store currency amounts in floating point data types. Then even something like addition can be impacted by rounding.
I never experienced a problem with scientific results but when I was programming for that I was not aware of any of the issues. To be fair back then even financial institutions did not seem aware of it. The theory was known but in had not made a transition to practical usage (in many cases.)
Richard Deeming wrote: If the rules are subject to change, then you either need to recompile,
It probably is going to be more complicated than that. For one time calculations then ok. But one must insure that that business rule will never change.
The case I encountered was where the company was using paper records printed years before. Sometimes those were lost. So they printed (ran a report) again. After the rules had changed. No one in the company was aware of this problem until I pointed it out once I needed to do an update on the report.
As you pointed out this required a dynamic solution which I implemented.
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As with all programming development, the code should implement the business rules.
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Not sure what you mean.
I presume there are accountants that still use paper ledgers. But the vast majority of accountants use software applications.
Consider any sort of interest bearing account. Savings, CDs, Loans, Mortgages, etc.
The interest is calculated on a schedule that is either defined by the institution or some other regulatory body. That happens in software (vast majority of cases.)
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I merely pointed out to Gerry that .NET offers some options as to how numbers may be rounded, including the one to always round towards the even number. Whether he (or you) use that feature is a completely free choice, and has nothing to do with rules set by accounting, audit, or other business systems.
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Hello everyone,
I have problem with char* from string (CharPointerFromString):
static int LengthSize(string str)
{
if (str == null)
{
return 0;
}
return (str.Length * 4) + 3;
}
static char* CharPointerFromString(string str)
{
if (str == null)
{
return null;
}
char[] charArr = new char[str.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++)
{
charArr[i] = str.ToCharArray()[i];
}
fixed (char* charPtr = charArr)
{
return charPtr;
}
}
static int Main(string[] args)
{
printf(CharPointerFromString($"Hello {"DeafMan1983"}!\n"));
}
Result:
Hello DeafMan1983!
And I add string from char* (StringFromCharPointer)
static string StringFromCharPointer(char* s, bool freePtr = false)
{
if (s == null)
{
return string.Empty;
}
char* ptr = s;
while (*ptr != 0)
{
ptr++;
}
string result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString((byte*)s, (int) (ptr - s));
if (freePtr)
{
NativeMemory.Free(s);
}
return result;
}
But I have problem with extension like text".txt" -> if I don't have text.txt than I write simple with FILE and fopen(), ferror() and fclose();
string text_txt = Path.GetFileName("text.txt");
char* path = CharPointerFromString(text_txt);
FILE* file = fopen(path, CharPointerFromString("r"));
if (file == null)
{
printf(CharPointerFromString($"Error: {StringFromCharPointer(path)} not found.\n"));
return ferror(file);
}
printf(CharPointerFromString($"Success: {StringFromCharPointer(path)} found.\n"));
fclose(file);
Result: It seems forgetting extension?
Success: text found.
How do I fix it?
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Is this Managed C++/CLI code?
The difficult we do right away...
...the impossible takes slightly longer.
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That's not C# code. That's C/C++ and you're in the frong forum.
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That's not c/c++ it is C# why do you not expect class and variables are not c/c++ just in c# i have added pivoke from msvcrt.dll to DllImportAttribute.
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That code is not C# it is all C/C++.
modified 20-Jan-24 6:57am.
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Please read correctly! That's real C# because I wrote in pure C# because C/C++ and C# are not same like I wrote without const because I write only in C# and static int Main(string[] args) {...} it means not in C/C++ that's why You need to read carefully.
Check correct my code in starting post:
static int Main(string[] args)
{
printf(CharPointerFromString($"Hello {"DeafMan1983"}!\n"));
}
Where is C/C++ style?
int main (int argc, char** argv)
{
....
return 0;
}
Thanks!
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You are right, I misread some parts.
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