No. Your phone's GPU is in one chip with the CPU, some of the memory, and its display controller, and they're all tightly integrated together. Also, there'd be no way to connect it efficiently to the laptop. Only the latest generation of USB and Thunderbolt have enough bandwidth to be even worth considering for external GPUs, and even then, they're only used with dedicated hardware at the GPU end of the link - not a general-purpose processor. Apart from the fundamental problems, there's the very practical issue that your PC doesn't have any drivers for the GPU on the phone.
Or you can spend a very long time making your own os and integrate drivers to do that. It is possible. It won't be a fun little project you can get over with in a summer break.
You can start by studying the basics of Drivers, DirectX, GPUs for laptops and phones... and so on
That is why it will take you pretty long to get it done.