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Basic Illumination Model in C#

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15 Jul 2016GPL32 min read 83.1K   1.1K   82   19
Basic illumination model in C#.

Screenshot - Ambient.png

Ambient

Screenshot - Diffuse.png

Diffuse

Screenshot - Specular.png

Specular

Screenshot - Ambient+Diffuse.png

Ambient+Diffuse

Screenshot - Diffuse+Specular

Diffuse+Specular

Screenshot - Ambient+Diffuse+Specular

Ambient+Diffuse+Specular

Introduction

In my previous article Simple Ray Tracing in C#, we saw how to display spheres using a simple ray tracing algorithm. Now, we will start from the last point and will work with basic illumination models.

By definition, we have three types of light:

  • Ambient
  • Diffuse
  • Specular

Ambient

It is considered as the light distributed by the environment, which contributes to the global illumination independent of the light position, objects, or observer.

Diffuse

It is the light the contribution of which depends on its incidence angle. Diffuse light hit can be reflected in all directions.

Specular

Specular lights represent the bright spots in objects; the more reflective it is the smaller the bright spot.

Background

To proceed with an illumination algorithm, we need to get the ambient, diffuse, and specular constants for the material we want to model; for example, here we use brass constants which are:

K Ambient Diffuse Specular
RED 0.329412 0.780392 0.992157
GREEN 0.223529 0.568627 0.941176
BLUE 0.027451 0.113725 0.807843

Exponent 27.8974

The ray tracing algorithm used is the same as you can see on Simple Ray Tracing in C# with the improvements of a basic illumination model.

The Equations

A Light Source is defined as an R3 (x,y,z) point with a (vx,vy,vz) direction vector.

An Observer is defined as an R3 (x,y,z) point with a (vx,vy,vz) direction vector.

Theta is defined as the angle between a light ray and a normal vector at the intersection point P on the surface.

Phi is defined as the angle between the reflected light ray at the intersection point P on the surface and the viewer ray to the same point P.

The Sphere Equation

  • r2 = (x-cx)2+(y-cy)2+(z-cz)2

Illumination on a given pixel:

  • IAmbient = I * KAmbient
  • IDiffuse = I * KDiffuse * cos(theta)
  • ISpecular = I * KSpecular * cos(phi)n
  • I = IAmbient + IDiffuse + ISpecular

Reflection calculation:

  • i' = i - (2 * n * dot(i, n))

where

  • i = incidence light ray
  • n = normal at intersection
  • i' = reflected ray

The Code

C#
...
if (spherehit != null)
     {
     double intersx  = px + t * vx, intersy = py + t * vy,
                       intersz = pz + t * vz;
     double vNormalX = intersx - spherehit.cx,
                       vNormalY=intersy - spherehit.cy,
                       vNormalZ=intersz - spherehit.cz;
     double cost     = tAlgebra.GetCosAngleV1V2(lvx, lvy, lvz, vNormalX,
                       vNormalY, vNormalZ);
     if (cost < 0) cost = 0;

     double vReflX = 0, vReflY = 0, vReflZ = 0;
     double vEye2IntersX = px - intersx, vEye2IntersY = py - intersy,
                           vEye2IntersZ = pz - intersz;

     tAlgebra.Reflect(lvx,lvy,lvz, vNormalX,vNormalY,vNormalZ,ref vReflX,
                      ref vReflY, ref vReflZ);
     double cosf = tAlgebra.GetCosAngleV1V2(vReflX, vReflY, vReflZ,
                   vEye2IntersX, vEye2IntersY, vEye2IntersZ);
     if (cosf < 0) cosf = 0;

     double result1 = cost * 255.0;
     double result2 = Math.Pow(cosf, spherehit.shininess) * 255.0;
     double rgbR = (spherehit.ambientR * 255.0)+(spherehit.diffuseR *
                    result1) + (spherehit.specularR * result2);
     double rgbG = (spherehit.ambientG * 255.0) +(spherehit.diffuseG *
                    result1) + spherehit.specularG * result2);
     double rgbB = (spherehit.ambientB * 255.0) +(spherehit.diffuseB *
                    result1) + (spherehit.specularB * result2);
     rgbR = Math.Min(rgbR, 255);
     rgbG = Math.Min(rgbG, 255);
     rgbB = Math.Min(rgbB, 255);
     color = Color.FromArgb((int)rgbR, (int)rgbG, (int)rgbB);
     ...
     }
...

License

This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The GNU General Public License (GPLv3)


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"A well written code is self explanatory" - Anonymous Programmer
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Comments and Discussions

 
QuestionHi andalmeida! about getcoordinate() function Pin
Isawyouoo11-Sep-17 1:19
Isawyouoo11-Sep-17 1:19 
QuestionSurprised... Pin
User 1106097929-Apr-17 3:36
User 1106097929-Apr-17 3:36 
QuestionHow can I do this on my project? Pin
Umut Comlekcioglu16-Aug-13 5:35
professionalUmut Comlekcioglu16-Aug-13 5:35 
AnswerRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
andalmeida21-Aug-13 8:14
andalmeida21-Aug-13 8:14 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
Umut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 8:58
professionalUmut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 8:58 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:03
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:03 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
Umut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 9:29
professionalUmut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 9:29 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:06
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:06 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
Umut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 9:16
professionalUmut Comlekcioglu21-Aug-13 9:16 
GeneralRe: How can I do this on my project? Pin
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:19
andalmeida21-Aug-13 9:19 
GeneralMy vote of 5 Pin
Manoj Kumar Choubey26-Feb-12 21:16
professionalManoj Kumar Choubey26-Feb-12 21:16 
GeneralLast article on Raytracing Pin
andalmeida29-Apr-09 2:03
andalmeida29-Apr-09 2:03 
GeneralSpecular Highlight [modified] Pin
efi_germany3-Aug-07 8:43
efi_germany3-Aug-07 8:43 
GeneralRe: Specular Highlight Pin
andalmeida3-Aug-07 9:01
andalmeida3-Aug-07 9:01 
GeneralRe: Specular Highlight Pin
efi_germany3-Aug-07 9:24
efi_germany3-Aug-07 9:24 
GeneralRe: Specular Highlight Pin
andalmeida3-Aug-07 11:38
andalmeida3-Aug-07 11:38 
GeneralRe: Specular Highlight Pin
andalmeida10-Aug-07 5:34
andalmeida10-Aug-07 5:34 
It is fixed now. I helped me also to find an issue in my algebra class, thanks so much.

Smile | :)

Anderson J. Almeida
Systems Analyst
SimSysBr

Generalnice one Pin
Amar Chaudhary26-Jul-07 13:45
Amar Chaudhary26-Jul-07 13:45 
GeneralRe: nice one Pin
andalmeida29-Jul-07 3:57
andalmeida29-Jul-07 3:57 

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