AJIT KUMAR SUBUDHI - Professional Profile

Content
Overview

Delegates

Call a Function directly - No Delegate
The very basic Delegate
Calling Static Functions
Calling Member Functions
Multicasting

Events

Conventions
Simple Event
The Second Change Event Example

Conclusion

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Overview
All of us have been exposed to event driven programming of some sort or the other. C# adds on value to the often mentioned world of event driven programming by adding support through events and delegates. The emphasis of this article would be to identify what exactly happens when you add an event handler to your common UI controls. A simple simulation of what could possibly be going on behind the scenes when the AddOnClick or any similar event is added to the Button class will be explained. This will help you understand better the nature of event handling using multi cast delegates.

Delegates
A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++. Using a delegate allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method inside a delegate object. The delegate object can then be passed to code which can call the referenced method, without having to know at compile time which method will be invoked.

Call a Function directly - No Delegate

In most cases, when we call a function, we specify the function to be called directly. If the class MyClass has a function named Process, we'd normally call it like this (SimpleSample.cs):

using System;

namespace Akadia.NoDelegate
{
public class MyClass
{
public void Process()
{
Console.WriteLine("Process() begin");
Console.WriteLine("Process() end");
}
}

public class Test
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
MyClass myClass = new MyClass();
myClass.Process();
}
}
}

That works well in most situations. Sometimes, however, we don't want to call a function directly - we'd like to be able to pass it to somebody else so that they can call it. This is especially useful in an event-driven system such as a graphical user interface, when I want some code to be executed when the user clicks on a button, or when I want to log some information but can't specify how it is logged.

The very basic Delegate

An interesting and useful property of a delegate is that it does not know or care about the class of the object that it references. Any object will do; all that matters is that the method's argument types and return type match the delegate's. This makes delegates perfectly suited for "anonymous" invocation.

The signature of a single cast delegate is shown below:

delegate result-type identifier ([parameters]);

where:

result-type: The result type, which matches the return type of the function.
identifier: The delegate name.
parameters: The Parameters, that the function takes.
Examples:

public delegate void SimpleDelegate ()

This declaration defines a delegate named SimpleDelegate, which will encapsulate any method that takes
no parameters and returns no value.

public delegate int ButtonClickHandler (object obj1, object obj2)

This declaration defines a delegate named ButtonClickHandler, which will encapsulate any method that takes
two objects as parameters and returns an int.

A delegate will allow us to specify what the function we'll be calling looks like without having to specify which function to call. The declaration for a delegate looks just like the declaration for a function, except that in this case, we're declaring the signature of functions that this delegate can reference.

There are three steps in defining and using delegates:

Declaration
Instantiation
Invocation
A very basic example (SimpleDelegate1.cs):

using System;

namespace Akadia.BasicDelegate
{
// Declaration
public delegate void SimpleDelegate();

class TestDelegate
{
public static void MyFunc()
{
Console.WriteLine("I was called by delegate ...");
}

public static void Main()
{
// Instantiation
SimpleDelegate simpleDelegate = new SimpleDelegate(MyFunc);

// Invocation
simpleDelegate();
}
}
}

Compile an test:

# csc SimpleDelegate1.cs
# SimpleDelegate1.exe
I was called by delegate ...

Calling Static Functions

For our next, more advanced example (SimpleDelegate2.cs), declares a delegate that takes a single string parameter and has no return type:

using System;

namespace Akadia.SimpleDelegate
{
// Delegate Specification
public class MyClass
{
// Declare a delegate that takes a single string parameter
// and has no return type.
public delegate void LogHandler(string message);

// The use of the delegate is just like calling a function directly,
// though we need to add a check to see if the delegate is null
// (that is, not pointing to a function) before calling the function.
public void Process(LogHandler logHandler)
{
if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler("Process() begin");
}

if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler ("Process() end");
}
}
}

// Test Application to use the defined Delegate
public class TestApplication
{
// Static Function: To which is used in the Delegate. To call the Process()
// function, we need to declare a logging function: Logger() that matches
// the signature of the delegate.
static void Logger(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
MyClass myClass = new MyClass();

// Crate an instance of the delegate, pointing to the logging function.
// This delegate will then be passed to the Process() function.
MyClass.LogHandler myLogger = new MyClass.LogHandler(Logger);
myClass.Process(myLogger);
}
}
}

Compile an test:

# csc SimpleDelegate2.cs
# SimpleDelegate2.exe
Process() begin
Process() end

Calling Member Functions

In the simple example above, the Logger( ) function merely writes the string out. A different function might want to log the information to a file, but to do this, the function needs to know what file to write the information to (SimpleDelegate3.cs)

using System;
using System.IO;

namespace Akadia.SimpleDelegate
{
// Delegate Specification
public class MyClass
{
// Declare a delegate that takes a single string parameter
// and has no return type.
public delegate void LogHandler(string message);

// The use of the delegate is just like calling a function directly,
// though we need to add a check to see if the delegate is null
// (that is, not pointing to a function) before calling the function.
public void Process(LogHandler logHandler)
{
if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler("Process() begin");
}

if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler ("Process() end");
}
}
}

// The FileLogger class merely encapsulates the file I/O
public class FileLogger
{
FileStream fileStream;
StreamWriter streamWriter;

// Constructor
public FileLogger(string filename)
{
fileStream = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
streamWriter = new StreamWriter(fileStream);
}

// Member Function which is used in the Delegate
public void Logger(string s)
{
streamWriter.WriteLine(s);
}

public void Close()
{
streamWriter.Close();
fileStream.Close();
}
}

// Main() is modified so that the delegate points to the Logger()
// function on the fl instance of a FileLogger. When this delegate
// is invoked from Process(), the member function is called and
// the string is logged to the appropriate file.
public class TestApplication
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
FileLogger fl = new FileLogger("process.log");

MyClass myClass = new MyClass();

// Crate an instance of the delegate, pointing to the Logger()
// function on the fl instance of a FileLogger.
MyClass.LogHandler myLogger = new MyClass.LogHandler(fl.Logger);
myClass.Process(myLogger);
fl.Close();
}
}
}

The cool part here is that we didn't have to change the Process() function; the code to all the delegate is the same regardless of whether it refers to a static or member function.

Compile an test:

# csc SimpleDelegate3.cs
# SimpleDelegate3.exe
# cat process.log
Process() begin
Process() end

Multicasting

Being able to point to member functions is nice, but there are more tricks you can do with delegates. In C#, delegates are multicast, which means that they can point to more than one function at a time (that is, they're based off the System.MulticastDelegate type). A multicast delegate maintains a list of functions that will all be called when the delegate is invoked. We can add back in the logging function from the first example, and call both delegates. Here's what the code looks like:

using System;
using System.IO;

namespace Akadia.SimpleDelegate
{
// Delegate Specification
public class MyClass
{
// Declare a delegate that takes a single string parameter
// and has no return type.
public delegate void LogHandler(string message);

// The use of the delegate is just like calling a function directly,
// though we need to add a check to see if the delegate is null
// (that is, not pointing to a function) before calling the function.
public void Process(LogHandler logHandler)
{
if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler("Process() begin");
}

if (logHandler != null)
{
logHandler ("Process() end");
}
}
}

// The FileLogger class merely encapsulates the file I/O
public class FileLogger
{
FileStream fileStream;
StreamWriter streamWriter;

// Constructor
public FileLogger(string filename)
{
fileStream = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
streamWriter = new StreamWriter(fileStream);
}

// Member Function which is used in the Delegate
public void Logger(string s)
{
streamWriter.WriteLine(s);
}

public void Close()
{
streamWriter.Close();
fileStream.Close();
}
}

// Test Application which calls both Delegates
public class TestApplication
{
// Static Function which is used in the Delegate
static void Logger(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
FileLogger fl = new FileLogger("process.log");

MyClass myClass = new MyClass();

// Crate an instance of the delegates, pointing to the static
// Logger() function defined in the TestApplication class and
// then to member function on the fl instance of a FileLogger.
MyClass.LogHandler myLogger = null;
myLogger += new MyClass.LogHandler(Logger);
myLogger += new MyClass.LogHandler(fl.Logger);

myClass.Process(myLogger);
fl.Close();
}
}
}

Compile an test:

# csc SimpleDelegate4.cs
# SimpleDelegate4.exe
Process() begin
Process() end
# cat process.log
Process() begin
Process() end

Events
The Event model in C# finds its roots in the event programming model that is popular in asynchronous programming. The basic foundation behind this programming model is the idea of "publisher and subscribers." In this model, you have publishers who will do some logic and publish an "event." Publishers will then send out their event only to subscribers who have subscribed to receive the specific event.

In C#, any object can publish a set of events to which other applications can subscribe. When the publishing class raises an event, all the subscribed applications are notified. The following figure shows this mechanism.

Conventions

The following important conventions are used with events:

Event Handlers in the .NET Framework return void and take two parameters.
The first paramter is the source of the event; that is the publishing object.
The second parameter is an object derived from EventArgs.
Events are properties of the class publishing the event.
The keyword event controls how the event property is accessed by the subscribing classes.
Simple Event

Let's modify our logging example from above to use an event rather than a delegate:

using System;
using System.IO;

namespace Akadia.SimpleEvent
{
/* ========= Publisher of the Event ============== */
public class MyClass
{
// Define a delegate named LogHandler, which will encapsulate
// any method that takes a string as the parameter and returns no value
public delegate void LogHandler(string message);

// Define an Event based on the above Delegate
public event LogHandler Log;

// Instead of having the Process() function take a delegate
// as a parameter, we've declared a Log event. Call the Event,
// using the OnXXXX Method, where XXXX is the name of the Event.
public void Process()
{
OnLog("Process() begin");
OnLog("Process() end");
}

// By Default, create an OnXXXX Method, to call the Event
protected void OnLog(string message)
{
if (Log != null)
{
Log(message);
}
}
}

// The FileLogger class merely encapsulates the file I/O
public class FileLogger
{
FileStream fileStream;
StreamWriter streamWriter;

// Constructor
public FileLogger(string filename)
{
fileStream = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
streamWriter = new StreamWriter(fileStream);
}

// Member Function which is used in the Delegate
public void Logger(string s)
{
streamWriter.WriteLine(s);
}

public void Close()
{
streamWriter.Close();
fileStream.Close();
}
}

/* ========= Subscriber of the Event ============== */
// It's now easier and cleaner to merely add instances
// of the delegate to the event, instead of having to
// manage things ourselves
public class TestApplication
{
static void Logger(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
FileLogger fl = new FileLogger("process.log");
MyClass myClass = new MyClass();

// Subscribe the Functions Logger and fl.Logger
myClass.Log += new MyClass.LogHandler(Logger);
myClass.Log += new MyClass.LogHandler(fl.Logger);

// The Event will now be triggered in the Process() Method
myClass.Process();

fl.Close();
}
}
}

Compile an test:

# csc SimpleEvent.cs
# SimpleEvent.exe
Process() begin
Process() end
# cat process.log
Process() begin
Process() end

The Second Change Event Example

Suppose you want to create a Clock class that uses events to notify potential subscribers whenever the local time changes value by one second. Here is the complete, documented example:

using System;
using System.Threading;

namespace SecondChangeEvent
{
/* ======================= Event Publisher =============================== */

// Our subject -- it is this class that other classes
// will observe. This class publishes one event:
// SecondChange. The observers subscribe to that event.
public class Clock
{
// Private Fields holding the hour, minute and second
private int _hour;
private int _minute;
private int _second;

// The delegate named SecondChangeHandler, which will encapsulate
// any method that takes a clock object and a TimeInfoEventArgs
// object as the parameter and returns no value. It's the
// delegate the subscribers must implement.
public delegate void SecondChangeHandler (
object clock,
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation
);

// The event we publish
public event SecondChangeHandler SecondChange;

// The method which fires the Event
protected void OnSecondChange(
object clock,
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation
)
{
// Check if there are any Subscribers
if (SecondChange != null)
{
// Call the Event
SecondChange(clock,timeInformation);
}
}

// Set the clock running, it will raise an
// event for each new second
public void Run()
{
for(;;)
{
// Sleep 1 Second
Thread.Sleep(1000);

// Get the current time
System.DateTime dt = System.DateTime.Now;

// If the second has changed
// notify the subscribers
if (dt.Second != _second)
{
// Create the TimeInfoEventArgs object
// to pass to the subscribers
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation =
new TimeInfoEventArgs(
dt.Hour,dt.Minute,dt.Second);

// If anyone has subscribed, notify them
OnSecondChange (this,timeInformation);
}

// update the state
_second = dt.Second;
_minute = dt.Minute;
_hour = dt.Hour;

}
}
}

// The class to hold the information about the event
// in this case it will hold only information
// available in the clock class, but could hold
// additional state information
public class TimeInfoEventArgs : EventArgs
{
public TimeInfoEventArgs(int hour, int minute, int second)
{
this.hour = hour;
this.minute = minute;
this.second = second;
}
public readonly int hour;
public readonly int minute;
public readonly int second;
}

/* ======================= Event Subscribers =============================== */

// An observer. DisplayClock subscribes to the
// clock's events. The job of DisplayClock is
// to display the current time
public class DisplayClock
{
// Given a clock, subscribe to
// its SecondChangeHandler event
public void Subscribe(Clock theClock)
{
theClock.SecondChange +=
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(TimeHasChanged);
}

// The method that implements the
// delegated functionality
public void TimeHasChanged(
object theClock, TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Current Time: {0}:{1}:{2}",
ti.hour.ToString(),
ti.minute.ToString(),
ti.second.ToString());
}
}

// A second subscriber whose job is to write to a file
public class LogClock
{
public void Subscribe(Clock theClock)
{
theClock.SecondChange +=
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(WriteLogEntry);
}

// This method should write to a file
// we write to the console to see the effect
// this object keeps no state
public void WriteLogEntry(
object theClock, TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Logging to file: {0}:{1}:{2}",
ti.hour.ToString(),
ti.minute.ToString(),
ti.second.ToString());
}
}

/* ======================= Test Application =============================== */

// Test Application which implements the
// Clock Notifier - Subscriber Sample
public class Test
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create a new clock
Clock theClock = new Clock();

// Create the display and tell it to
// subscribe to the clock just created
DisplayClock dc = new DisplayClock();
dc.Subscribe(theClock);

// Create a Log object and tell it
// to subscribe to the clock
LogClock lc = new LogClock();
lc.Subscribe(theClock);

// Get the clock started
theClock.Run();
}
}
}

Conclusion
The Clock class from the last sample could simply print the time rather tahn raising an event, so why bother with the introduction of using delegates? The advantage of the publisg / subscribe idiom is that any number of classes can be notified when an event is raised. The subscribing classes do not need to know how the Clock works, and the Clock does not need to know what they are going to do in response to the event. Similarly a button can publish an Onclick event, and any number of unrelated objects can subscribe to that event, receiving notification when the button is clicked.

The publisher and the subscribers are decoupled by the delegate. This is highly desirable as it makes for more flexible and robust code. The clock can chnage how it detects time without breaking any of the subscribing classes. The subscribing classes can change how they respond to time changes without breaking the Clock. The two classes spin indepentdently of one another, which makes for code that is easier to maintain.

Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd., Chandigarh, India.
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(gmail/orkut)

Stored Procedure for Custom Paging in SQL Server 2005

-- EXEC LoadData 10, 5
CREATE PROCEDURE LoadData
-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@startRowIndex int,
@pageSize int
AS
BEGIN
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
SET NOCOUNT ON;
-- increase the startRowIndex by 1 to avoid returning the last record again

SET @startRowIndex = @startRowIndex + 1
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM (
Select *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY AutoID ASC) as RowNum
FROM Data
) as Data
WHERE RowNum BETWEEN @startRowIndex AND (@startRowIndex + @pageSize) - 1
ORDER BY AutoID ASC
END
END
GO

=========================================================
Page 1 - EXEC LoadData 0, 5
Page 2 - EXEC LoadData 5, 5
Page 3 - EXEC LoadData 10, 5

============================================================

Conclusion :
Its always good to write code that is efficien and fast to serve the user request, Custom paging is most efficient way to get desired number of records from a large database table without hitting the performance of the database as well as application.

Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd., Chandigarh, India.
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(gmail/orkut)

How to pass SQL Parameters as array to Stored procedure:
==============================================================
[Ajax.AjaxMethod]
public int verifyUser(string username, string userpassword)
{
SqlParameter[] sqlParams = new SqlParameter[2];
sqlParams[0] =new SqlParameter("@username", username.ToString());
sqlParams[1] = new SqlParameter("@password", userpassword.ToString());
int intStatus=globalDB.sp_RunProc("verifyUser", sqlParams);
return intStatus;
}

=========================================================

public int sp_RunProc(string Sp_Name, params SqlParameter[] commandParameters)
{
try
{
this.openConnection();
SqlCommand obj_Command;
obj_Command = new SqlCommand(Sp_Name, conSqlCon);
SqlParameter[] parameterArray1 = commandParameters;
int num2 = parameterArray1.Length - 1;
for (int num1 = 0; num1 <= num2; num1++)
{
obj_Command.Parameters.Add(parameterArray1[num1]);
}
SqlParameter parmReturnValue;
obj_Command.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
parmReturnValue = obj_Command.Parameters.Add("ReturnValue", SqlDbType.Int);
parmReturnValue.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
obj_Command.ExecuteNonQuery();
int status = Int32.Parse(obj_Command.Parameters["ReturnValue"].Value.ToString());
return status;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
string strError = ex.Message;
return 0;
}
finally
{
this.closeConnection();
}

}

===========================================================
===========================================================
Stored Procedure:
============================================================

SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
-- =============================================
-- Author: <ajit,,name>
-- Create date: <15th Dec 2008,,>
-- Description: <verifying>
-- =============================================
ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[verifyUser]
-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@username VARCHAR(256),
@password VARCHAR(256)
AS
BEGIN
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
SET NOCOUNT ON;

-- Insert statements for procedure here
IF EXISTS
(

SELECT username,password FROM usersInfo
WHERE
username=@username
AND
password=@password

)
BEGIN
-- PRINT 1
RETURN 1
END

ELSE
--PRINT 0
RETURN 0

END
GO

--verifyUser Ajitasdfsa,ajitpasssadfasdfa

=========================================

Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd., Chandigarh, India.
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(gmail/orkut)

modified on Monday, December 15, 2008 5:41 PM

Integrity in Database :

1-Entity Integrity:

Ensures that there are no duplicate rows in a table.

2-Domain Integrity

Enforces valid entries for a given column by restricting the type, the format, or the range of possible values.

3-Referential Integrity

Rows can’t be deleted which are used by other records.

4-User Defined Integrity

Enforces some business rules that doesn’t fall into Entity, Domain and Referential Intigrity.

Thanks
Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd., Chandigarh,India
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(gmailid/orkutid)

Constraints In Database:

1. Not Null: No null value are allowed.

2. Unique: Values in a column are distinct, but null value are allowed.

3. Primary Key: To uniquely identify a row . NO null value are allowed.

4. Check : All values in a column must satisfy a condition.

Example: Create Table Customer
(
cid integer check(cid >0)
lastname varchar(30),
firstname varchar(30)
);

5. Foreign Key: Foreign key is a field that points to the primary key of another table.
It ensures referential integrity.

Example: Say we have two tables Customers and Orders.The The constraint here is that all orders must be associated with a Customer that already in the Customer table.

Create table Orders
(
OrderID integer primary key,
Order_Date date,
Customer_SID integer references Customer(SID),
Amount double
);

Thanks
Friends
Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd.Chandigarh,India
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(orkutid/gmailid)

“ACID” Rule in Database Transaction:

A: Atomicity-“All or Nothing”
Each transaction is said to be atomic.If one part of the transaction fails then the entire transaction fails.

C: Consistency
Only valid data will be written to the database.

I: Isolation
Requires that multiple transactions occurring at same time not impacting each other’s execution.

Example: If J issues a Transaction against a database and at the same time M issues a different transaction on the same database, then both transaction should operate on the database in an isolated manner. The database should either perform J’s entire transaction before executing M’s or vice versa.

D: Durability
Ensures that only transaction committed to the database will not be lost. Durability is ensured by the use of database backups and transaction logs that facilitates the restoration of committed transactions, inspite of any S/W or H/W failure.

Thanks
Friends
Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd.,Chandigarh.
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(orkutid/gmailid)

Hi I found most of my friends are putting me same question how to implement custom paging, rather answering them each one I found it is better to post the logic behind it.

So the logic is actually related to stored procedure/sql query as described below :

Custom Paging in Grid View:

1-Page Width=x

Start Page row index= (pageindex X pagewidth+1)
End page row index= ( pageindex X pagewidth + 1) + pagewidth -1

2- Page Index:

Page1- For first page, when page is loaded for the first time with data, .pageindex =0
Page2- pageindex=1
Page2- pageindex=2
And so on….

Now Example:

Page-1:
pagewidth=5,
pageindex=0,
startpagerowindex=0 X 5+1=0+1 = 1
endpagerowindex=(0 X 5 + 1) + 5 -1 = 0 + 1 + 5 -1 = 5

i.e; records from 0 to 5

Page-2:
pagewidth = 5,
pageindex = 1,
startpagerowindex = 1 X 5+1=5 + 1 = 6
endpagerowindex = (1 X 5 + 1) + 5 -1 = 6 + 5 -1 = 10

i.e; records from 6 to 10

QUERY:

Select productID, productName, pageRank from
(
select productID,productName,ROW_NUMBER() over (order by productID)
as pageRank from tbl_Product)
as ProductTable
where pageRank between startpagerowindex and endpagerowindex
)

Stored Procedure:

This is left to you now.
Hint:Input parameters are : 1-startpageindex, 2-pagewidth

If u face problem in creating stored procedure ask me I will do it for u next....

Thanks
Friends
Ajit Kumar Subudhi
Senior Software Developer(.Net)
A1 Technology pvt. ltd.
ajitsubudhi2000@gmail.com(orkutid/gmailid)

1:-Select * from
(
select row_number() over (order by salary desc) as rank,* from emp1
) as Employee where rank=10

2:-select min(salary) from emp1 where salary in(select top 10 salary from emp1 order by salary desc)

Thanks
Ajit

AJIT KUMAR SUBUDHI - Professional Profile

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