|
Even garbage collection may leave the heap with external fragmentation. If you want GC to leave a heap with no external fragmentation, either the GC must trace every pointer update in all software, which is rather intrusive. In languages allow casting between pointer and non-pointer types, the task of tracing e.g. the use of an integer that has received a (int)pointer value is non-trivial.
Or you must add another level of indirection for all heap access: The code "pointer" is really an index (or "handle") into a pointer table, the only place where the actual heap pointer is found. This strategy is used in some systems, like for some Windows structures, and, I believe, JVM. This adds a (small) execution overhead, but the biggest problem is that it is poorly fit for systems manipulating addresses directly, such as C/C++ pointer arithmetic.
In some old architectures, now more or less completely forgotten, indirect memory addressing was directly supported by hardware. One of the few that enjoyed a (short, very short!) commercial life was the Intel 432 CPU. In the 1980s, there was a whole crowd of experimental, one-of-a-kind, such "capability based" machines. Typically, the pointer table also had a lot of access control flags etc., and could support virtual memory. (Sometimes, I wish that Intel brushed up that 432 architecture so that it could be used in modern systems - it did have a number of interesting features!)
The primary task of GC is to detect inaccessible memory block blocks to have them freed, and to combine neighboring free blocks into a single larger one. Packing memory blocks comes as an extra.
|
|
|
|
|
Good question.
Most routers are based on Linux. The Linux weenies claim Linux gets great uptime.
So why do some routers need to be rebooted more often than I have to reboot my Windows machine (of all things)...?
|
|
|
|
|
dandy72 wrote: Most routers are based on Linux. The Linux weenies claim Linux gets great uptime.
Very good point. I run Ubuntu on my home rig and haven't booted into Windows for a couple of weeks now either -- since WFH. But, you are right...it may be Linux's fault down at the bottom.
I'll have to see if I can tell what my generic cable modem (from Spectrum) runs.
|
|
|
|
|
How did you get Windows to stop rebooting for updates?
|
|
|
|
|
Where did I say that?
The closest approximation to what you're claiming I said is that there are routers that have to be rebooted more frequently than some of my Windows systems (or words to that effect--they're still there for you to go back to and re-read).
|
|
|
|
|
Easy Peasy! Don't go past Win7. I haven't (and won't).
No one modifies and reboots MY machine unless I want them to.
| Ravings en masse^ |
|---|
| "The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits." - Albert Einstein | | "If you are searching for perfection in others, then you seek disappointment. If you seek perfection in yourself, then you will find failure." - Balboos HaGadol Mar 2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
I sometimes get nostalgic, remembering that "Made for Windows 95"(*) sticker: To be granted permission to put that on your product (ads, package etc.), there was a set of requirements you had to satisfy. One of them was that installation/uninstallation should not require any restart. This was considered a major step forward - from the DOS days onward, we were used to most software installation requiring a reboot.
I believe this was upheld for Win98, but for XP, the no-reboot requirement was gone, and it has been gone since (although the facilities for making no-reboot installers are a lot better today than they were for Win95). I can - sort of - excuse MS for requiring reboot after updates of OS kernel modules (but talk to those making e.g. telephone switch software: Every module, kernel or not, must be replaceable without rebooting the switch).
A few years ago, when Windows updates were downloaded and run one by one, most of them did not require a reboot. Nowadays, with everything wrapped up into a composite package, chances are high that at least one of the components sits so deep into the core of the OS that a reboot is required. A small update may happen to comprise only no-reboot components; there is no rule requiring an update after every Windows update.
(*) Maybe I do not remember the wording "Made for Windows95" correctly; it may have been slightly different.
|
|
|
|
|
Are you sure that it is "real" Linux, or just "Linux-like"?
I have never been working with routers specifically, so you may be right. Lots of monitors / OS / executives / kernel (whatever you call it) present themselves as "Linux-like", and it doesn't take very much to claim to be Linux-like. Often it has a tiny little fraction of the API, with "what is needed", with identical function declarations, but the implementation is completely independent and not based on Linux source code.
I started working with embedded systems using the 8-bit 8051 architecture. Even for the 8051, there were people claiming to have Linux-like kernels. Chips of today are far more powerful, and many of them could run "true" Linux, but you will usually try to keep RAM size down to reduce both cost and power consumption. There generally is no need for a significant part of the Linux functionality. If you look up "List of embedded operating systems" in Wikipedia, there is a long list not in the "Embedded Linux" category (but the majority of them would claim to be "Linux-like" - or at least many of their users would say so).
On the other hand: The task of IP routing requires so much processing resources that I guess the extra burden of running a "full" Linux may not make that much difference. 
(Nostalgia: 25 years ago, I was supervisor for a student project setting up a 8-to-8 switch: This was a single AT-bus board with eight 155 Mbps lines in, 8 out. Ideally, if none of the outputs were fed more than 155 Mbps, this AT-board could reach a throughput 0f 1.24 Gbps, which was quite a feat in 1995. But that was ATM routing, not IP routing.)
|
|
|
|
|
Member 7989122 wrote: Are you sure that it is "real" Linux, or just "Linux-like"?
That's really the key, isn't it?
In Linux's defense, how hard do you have to work at it to take some Linux source, make a change, and as a result destabilize it so badly that you now have a version that has to be rebooted every few days?
|
|
|
|
|
It from all the Linux people using Sticky Bits.
|
|
|
|
|
Even if you allocate all memory in the initialization phase and even if you do not use any dynamic tricks - such as recursion, dynamic function calls or the like - there could still be a problem. If the programmer is a bit sloppy s/he could forget to initialize a variable (for example a pointer variable). If that variable is used only in certain situations that could cause a problem then.
Another common situation is not to handle all exceptions. An given exception may be very rare and thus forgotten about, until that day of doom when a situation occurs that throws the exception. If that one is not handled or handled in the wrong way we also have a problem that will cause the state of the modem into unknown land. Suddenly a variable may have a new value that stopped parsing or whatever.
Communication devices must be designed to deal with any kinds of interrupts at all time. It is complicated to test if the software is stable under all circumstances and the cheaper the device is, the lesser time to test is give the developer. So, lack of testing could also be a problem.
It all leads up to the situation:
1 In the beginning - all is fine
2 In due cause something happens
3 That something changes the state of the modem into uncertainty
4 Now the modem is behaving "strange"
5 So: Reboot it and go back to 1.
That is my take on why you should reboot your hardware from time to time...
|
|
|
|
|
I was told that the best reason to regularly reboot your router is that when glitches happen, the modem negotiates to find a slower speed that would work, but it never tries to negotiate for a faster speed. So as time goes by and glitches occur, it's going slower and slower until you reset it by rebooting it.
Either way, I'm finding weekly reboots are becoming necessary for my router. I should test it to see if a simple software reboot fixes it, or if it truly needs the power off/wait 30 seconds/power on process we've been doing, since I could do the software reboot from anywhere on the wifi, without a trip to the basement.
|
|
|
|
|
RDM Jr wrote: was told that the best reason to regularly reboot your router is that when glitches happen, the modem negotiates to find a slower speed that would work, but it never tries to negotiate for a faster speed. So as time goes by and glitches occur, it's going slower and slower until you reset it by rebooting it.
That is a very interesting point and seems to match the experience.
|
|
|
|
|
I am certainly willing to believe this - but only as the behavior of one specific router (family). It most certainly is not a generic, unavoidable problem with routers in general.
|
|
|
|
|
That's a very good explanation. Thanks.
|
|
|
|
|
Member 14708186 wrote: That is my take on why you should reboot your hardware from time to time...
Tell that to a Linux fan! One fundamental mantra is "I never need to reboot!"
|
|
|
|
|
I kinda like the sentiment from stilldrinking.org
Not a single living person knows how everything in your five-year-old MacBook actually works. Why do we tell you to turn it off and on again? Because we don’t have the slightest clue what’s wrong with it, and it’s really easy to induce coma in computers and have their built-in team of automatic doctors try to figure it out for us. The only reason coders’ computers work better than non-coders’ computers is coders know computers are schizophrenic little children with auto-immune diseases and we don’t beat them when they’re bad.
|
|
|
|
|
ha ha ha... Genius.
I can however.. possibly shed some light on this.
Ok, first thing you have to remember is that all modems (Adsl, Vdsl, whatever) [static or dynamically addressed] are allocated their slot in the switching system using DHCP and similar technologies.
If your on a cheap as chips consumer connection then there's a dead cert that your dynamically addressed, and... on dynamically addressed connections your ISP simply does not ever allocate enough IP leases in their DHCP pool for every individual customer to have one. None of them do....
Why?
Because IP leases that sit unused are expensive.
What they do instead, is they allocate just enough to meet average peak demand on a daily basis, and that usually works well, simply because not everyone is trying to connect all the time.
With many cable modems for example they connect on demand, so if everyone in the household is sleeping, all the computers and phones are off, and nothing is using the connection, the modem will typically release it's lease for someone else to use, and re-request a new one as soon as the first bit of data for the day goes through it.
As I say, this generally works well, as lot's of devices go off as others come online and the amount in the lease pool has enough allocations.
Some ISP's however get it very wrong, or flat out don't care as long as they get to spend only what they want to spend to provide a service, couple that with times of network stress when there is more than the normal average using the system, and more people staying online longer, it means that very quickly the lease pool dries up.
Some ISP's can and do dynamically expand the lease pools to meet demand, many don't because it's all about the $$$ at the end of the day.
Many modems and other devices also have "forced lease" renewals, so for EG: you connect on a morning, you get a 12h lease, the world goes crazy, every one log's on, 12 hours later whether you like it or not, your modem is forced to re-lease it's connection and boom.... no free slots in the pool.
A lot of consumer modems are made in china as cheaply as possible, so even though they might run linux, things like buffer chips and octal drivers are done with as cheap a chip cost as possible, you might only have a couple of K of buffer memory, or the octal line drivers might have a 3ms latch time on them instead of a 1ms latch time.
What you end up with is a device who's hardware performs very, very poorly when it's auto connection starts hammering the ISP line to try and get a new lease, and dare I say it... yes, the bit's do kind of get stuck 
Buffers fill up quickly, overflows happen, the OS starts to get shirty because there's so many hardware fails...
And then you reboot....
Reboots generally work a) Because all the buffers etc get cleared out and b) Since most routers wen they start up have to do a RIP negotiation with the ISP they actually stand a better chance of getting a new lease in the pool.
Static IPs are not too bad, they still have to DHCP and what not, but they are ALWAYS returned the same lease with the same IP, Gateway, Subnet, Masks, AAA+ identifier etc. If the passageways are busy/clogged however, then that might cause blockages too so to speak.
The last thing you have to watch for is your contention ratios.
Many ISPs will happily try to connect 100 customers to a traffic circuit that's only rated for 50, again this is going to lead to line speed problems, pool leasing issues etc.
Again, the thinking is simple "All 100 customers are not ever going to try and be online at exactly the same time, and we can easily manage the overlaps..."
All quite simples really....
|
|
|
|
|
One thing that happens to cable modems is that they lose sync with the incoming signal and cannot ever re-acquire sync. When you reboot, it gets to start the sync process from scratch.
Another thing may be memory fragmentation. Your router is running a small linux O/S and a piece of software written in C that is about 30 years old, with some company-specific patches slapped in there to make it look different from the generic software. With various network handshakes that can be broken in the middle, it's not too hard to believe that cruft builds up in the memory until the router chokes.
|
|
|
|
|
I have never seen any protocol specification were "they lose sync with the incoming signal and cannot ever re-acquire sync". Re-synching has been an integral part of link protocols for something like 40-45 years (SDLC, HDLC).
Of course there may be implementations that is incapable of doing a proper resync, but this is not a general and unavoidable problem.
(A slightly funny, historical note - I believe that this was in the late 1970s: A newspaper transmitted its data to the print shop using a byte oriented protocol over an analog phone line. For some time, they experienced regular "Framing error"s, which is another way to say "Unable to synchronize properly". It was soon discovered that this occurred when a single byte was transmitted - with two or more bytes, the receiver was able to sync properly. Single-byte messages were used in one specific situation: When a positive ACKnowledge was returned. So for quite a while, until the receiver was tuned up, they interpreted a "Framing error" as a positive ACK.)
|
|
|
|
|
Great information, thanks.
SeattleC++ wrote: and a piece of software written in C that is about 30 years old,
Is this some library you are talking about? I know you're extrapolating the information but I'm curious about which library or component or what you are referring to, just because I'm curious.
It is interesting that people take software that works "good enough" and slap another layer onto it. Gotta get 'er dun! 
|
|
|
|
|
I believe that openwrt and dd-wrt are derivatives of the original linux code. I obviously don't know what code any particular router is running, but many of them are running variations on one of these.
|
|
|
|
|
SeattleC++ wrote: I believe that openwrt and dd-wrt are derivatives of the original linux code.
thanks for the general direction on this. without your help I never would've known even a search term to use to look this up. I've begun reading a bit on the dd-wrt already.
I'm just curious about the work that has been done in that realm.
|
|
|
|
|
A bit of background:
A couple of days later the quarantine began in Spain, some people started to go out to the balconies at 20:00h (local) to applaud for the people working in sanitary, security and logistic systems that are keeping the land running and taking care of the people during these times. It went viral pretty fast and now a big part of the land does it everyday to give moral support to all of them.
Now a singer has merged a little home studio (all has been done respeting the #stayathome rules) material with many of the clips of real averge Joes and Janes out there circulating the social media and some material handed over by a cultural association.
All what she gets from the clicks (over 1,3 million in less than a day, so far) in youtube is supposed (I really hope she won't "betray" it) to be donated to the Red Cross. And on top, I think it is a nice melodic song.
Just in case you want to hear / give your click:
Vanesa Martín - Un canto a la vida (Video Oficial) - YouTube[^] (A chant for life)
The messages being shown in the pictures / videos (in order of appearance):
#1 (big paper) - Thanks to all of you
#2 (granny) - We'll get out of this together, don't stop fighting (I think she was the first elder patient getting over corona and allowed to go back home)
#3 (hospital group 1) - We have heard you /// clapping in the balconies /// and it has been very touching /// we all are in this TOGETHER
#4 (hospital group 2) - Today, the claps... /// go for... /// the security forces of the state!
#5 (hospital group 3) - A /// chant /// for /// life!!!
#6 (Credits) - To all our heroes (m / w)... for our elders, that were young and stood up and shielded our homes with love and wisdom
Me again: TO ALL PEOPLE FIGHTING FOR AND HELPING OTHERS. KUDOS AND A BIG THANK YOU
M.D.V. 
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
Rating helpful answers is nice, but saying thanks can be even nicer.
modified 31-Mar-20 15:04pm.
|
|
|
|
|
On the topic of the Spanish language (because I know that that's what you were really talking about), the missus put a foreign-language movie on, the other night, while I was busy assembling snacks (it's a tough job, but someone has to do it), and she asked me if she should pause the movie until I'd finished.
"Don't be daft," I replied. "I speak Italian -- although the one woman sounds Spanish."
It was this movie[^].
I don't know what regional accent most of the actors were using, but I could have sworn they were speaking a southern Italian dialect, and I only had to refer to the subtitles when one or two of the characters were speaking.
I wanna be a eunuchs developer! Pass me a bread knife!
|
|
|
|
|
General 
News 
Suggestion 
Question 
Bug 
Answer 
Joke 
Praise 
Rant 
Admin 
Submit an article or tip
