I guess when page is postback then Label text property is overridden by page_load/page_init event. you just check it and if needed add page.IsPostBack condition before update text property.i.e
<script type="text/javascript">
function setValue(){
$("[id*=lblData]").text("100");
}
</script>
<input type="button" id="btnSetValue" value="Set Value" onclick="setValue();" />
protected void page_load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if(!base.IsPostBack){
lblData.Text = string.empty;
}
}
access this property from a button event handler
protected void btnSave_Clicked(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string value = lblData.Text;
}