Introduction
Many people think that mathematics is a difficult thing where unsuspected turns out to be a beautiful thing. You may know about Cycloids, Epicycloids, Epitrochoids, Lissajous, Hypocycloids, and Hypotrochoids that are some cases in mathematics where a circle rolls around within another circle by an equation that traces of points of the two circles that are (X1,Y1)
and (X2,Y2)
. All cases can be made as basic methods to make an art in mathematics. You can see more explanation about all cases in Wikipedia. Intuitively, I make some mathematical arts in C programming and I use a method that is similar with the all cases where the algorithm of the program is so simple. This time, the program has been improved but anyway there are many bugs that have not yet been fixed.
Background
Initially, I make a mathematical program about circle where most of circles rolling around within other circles with 2 up to no limit total of the circles (Circle on Circle on Circle on ........). Every circle has its unique rotation and radius that would be determined by its point for X(a),Y(a)
, where "a"
is a sensitive angle. Every point of a circle will be the center for point of the next circle, and so on. To make it easy for you to imagine it, see the picture below where there are two circles that are red point
with 4 radius rolling around black point
with 2 radius where the black point
is as center for the red point
and "0,0"
is as center point for the black point
:
After I make the mathematical program, then I have an idea of how if every point is linked to another point with line. For example, 1st point will be linked to the 2nd point, the 2nd point will be linked to the 3rd point, and so on. With this method will be produced the beautiful pictures. In the program, I used 2 or 3 circles. To make it easy for you to understand, you can see in the demo file in slow drawing (slide show and full screen) by DOWN
control on keyboard (Note: Up
control to increase of the drawing speed). Some of mathematical functions that used are sin()
and cos()
, where "a"
as the sensitive angle that will be determined the smoothness of pictures. Note that this is not a fractal, so there is no iteration.
Using the Code
The basics of equations for making a circle for "X,Y"
are:
X = CenterPointX + (Radius x sin(Angle))
Y = CenterPointY + (Radius x cos(Angle))
Here I simplify the "X,Y"
in the C code into:
CX = (Px/2) + (Py * sin(_AGL));
CY = (Py/2) + (Py * cos(_AGL));
Where CX = X
and CY = Y
, Px
is Pixel for sb.x
and Py
is Pixel for sb.y
, that is used to define the center point and radius with constant value, and then _AGL
= Angle that in the equations are CX(_AGL), CY(_AGL)
where per step is 0.5 degree, for example: X(0.5),Y(0.5) -> X(1),Y(1) -> X(1.5),Y(1.5) -> X(2),Y(2)
. The step angle will take effect to smoothness of the pictures that will produce a gradation of the color.
To make more variant of pictures, I modify the equations into:
CX = (Px/2) + ((Py/4) * sin(_AGL*_COEF));
CY = (Py/2) + ((Py/4) * cos(_AGL*_COEF));
CX = (Px/2) + ((Py/4) * sin(_AGL*_COEF) * cos(_AGL*_COEF));
CY = (Py/2) + ((Py/4) * cos(_AGL*_COEF) * sin(_AGL*_COEF));
_COEF
is the coefficient where the value is by random method per picture to produce many more variants of pictures that consist of curves. There are 3 type coefficients, that are _COEF
for CURVE I, _COEF2
for CURVE II, and _COEF3
for CURVE III. The _COEF
is how many times the CURVE I rolls around the center point per period, the _COEF2
is how many times the CURVE II rolls around the CURVE I per period, and the _COEF3
is how many times the CURVE III rolls around the CURVE II per period. Remember, circle on circle on circle where this is the basic principle to produce the mathematical art.
The program is divided into 3 types of art pictures, they are carving A, carving B, and graffiti where technically, they make no odds, but I am just exchanging between the equations. You can see the algorithm below that is actually so simple and there is no complex matter, and you can easily learn it.
FIRST, this is piece of a function (procedure) to make graffiti art (you can see the complete source code/MathArtAnimation()):
int Px,Py;
GetPixelValue(&Px,&Py);
do{
static int _COEF = -7+rand()%6,
_COEF2 = -7+rand()%14,
_COEF3 = -10+rand()%16,
RandPnt1 = 2,
RandPnt2 = 2,
RandPnt3 = 2,
RandPnt4 = 2;
static double _AGL = 0;
double CX,CY,Cx,Cy;
SetTextColor(hdc, RGB(200,255,100));
if(_AGL==360)
{
_COEF = -7+rand()%6;
_COEF2 = -7+rand()%14;
_COEF3 = -10+rand()%16;
_AGL = 0;
RandPnt1 = rand()%25;
RandPnt2 = rand()%25;
RandPnt3 = rand()%25;
RandPnt4 = rand()%25;
}
_AGL += StepAngle();
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*sin(_AGL);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(_AGL);
if(RandPnt1%2 == 0)
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*sin(_AGL*_COEF);
if(RandPnt1%3 == 0)
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(_AGL*_COEF);
Substitute the CX
to Cx
and CY
to Cy
:
Cx = CX+(Py/7)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/7)*cos(_AGL*_COEF2);
if(RandPnt2%2 == 0)
Cx = CX+(Py/7)*sin(_AGL*_COEF)*cos(_AGL*_COEF2);
if(RandPnt2%3 == 0)
Cy = CY+(Py/7)*cos(_AGL*_COEF)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2);
if(RandPnt2%4 == 0)
Cx = CX+(Py/7)*cos(_AGL*_COEF2);
if(RandPnt2%5 == 0)
Cy = CY+(Py/7)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2);
Substitute the Cx
to Cx
and Cy
to Cy
:
if(RandPnt3%4 == 0)
Cx = Cx+(Py/15)*sin(_AGL*_COEF3);
else
if(RandPnt3%3 == 0)
Cx = Cx+(Py/20)*cos(_AGL*_COEF3);
else
if(RandPnt3%2 == 0)
Cx = Cx+(Py/15)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2)*cos(_AGL*_COEF3);
if(RandPnt4%4 == 0)
Cy = Cy+(Py/15)*cos(_AGL*_COEF3);
else
if(RandPnt4%3 == 0)
Cy = Cy+(Py/20)*sin(_AGL*_COEF3);
else
if(RandPnt4%2 == 0)
Cy = Cy+(Py/15)*cos(_AGL*_COEF2)*sin(_AGL*_COEF3);
pen = CreatePen(PS_SOLID,1,RGB(245, 255, 200));
SelectObject(hdc,pen);
for(n=0; n<=Speed()-10; n++)
LineTo(hdc,Cx,Cy);
The picture below is one of the sample pictures that is generated with the algorithm above which the polynomial equations are selected by random method where the selected equations are:
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*sin(_AGL);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(_AGL*_COEF);
Substitute to >
Cx = CX+(Py/7)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/7)*sin(_AGL*_COEF2);
Substitute to >
Cx = Cx+(Py/15)*sin(_AGL*_COEF3);
Cy = Cy+(Py/15)*cos(_AGL*_COEF3);
Produces:
Picture Sample
Other Picture Samples
SECOND, this is piece of a function (procedure) to make carving A (you can see the complete source code/MathArtAnimation_2()):
int Px,Py;
GetPixelValue(&Px,&Py);
do{
static int COEF = -13+rand()%10,
RAND = rand()%12,
COEF2 = -13+rand()%10,
RAND2 = rand()%12;
static double AGL = 0;
double CX,CY,Cx,Cy;
SetTextColor(hdc, RGB(200,255,100));
if(AGL==720) {
COEF = -17+rand()%15;
RAND = rand()%12;
COEF2 = -17+rand()%15;
RAND2 = rand()%12;
AGL = 0;
}
AGL += 0.5;
if(RAND%6 == 0) {
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
}
else
if(RAND%5 == 0) {
CX = (Px/2)+(Px/4)*sin(AGL*COEF)*cos(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
}
else
if(RAND%4 == 0) {
CX = (Px/2)+(Px/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
}
else
if(RAND%3 == 0) {
CX = (Px/2)+(Px/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF)*sin(AGL*COEF);
}
else
if(RAND%2 == 0) {
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
}
else {
CX = (Px/2)+(Px/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
}
Substitute the CX
to Cx
and CY
to Cy
:
if(RAND2%6 == 0) {
Cx = CX+(Py/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
}
else
if(RAND2%5 == 0) {
Cx = CX+(Px/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
}
else
if(RAND2%4 == 0) {
Cx = CX+(Px/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
}
else
if(RAND2%3 == 0) {
Cx = CX+(Px/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
}
else
if(RAND2%2 == 0) {
Cx = CX+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
}
else {
Cx = CX+(Px/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
}
pen = CreatePen(PS_SOLID,1,RGB(245, 255, 200));
SelectObject(hdc,pen);
for(n=0;n<=Speed()-10;n++)
LineTo(hdc,Cx,Cy);
RoundRect(hdc, Cx,Cy, Cx+5,Cy+4, Cx+5,Cy+4);
The picture below is one of the sample pictures that is generated with the algorithm above which the polynomial equations are selected by random method where the selected equations are:
CX = (Px/2)+(Py/4)*cos(AGL*COEF);
CY = (Py/2)+(Py/4)*sin(AGL*COEF);
Substitute to >
Cx = CX+(Px/5)*sin(AGL*COEF2);
Cy = CY+(Py/5)*cos(AGL*COEF2);
Produces:
Picture sample
Other Picture Samples
THIRD, carving B (you can see the function(procedure) in the source code/MathArtAnimation_3()):
Picture Samples
History
About the Author
- Mark Daniel
- A Freelancer of C Programming and Architecture. Flight Simulator is my hobby.
- Indonesia
I am a construction engineer in a mining industry. Graduated from Architecture Departement at the University of Diponegoro in 2008. C Programming and Flight Simulator (Boeing 747-200,full functions)are my hobbies.