Assuming I understand you question it appears you want to add a panel control to a contentplaceholder dynamically in the code behind/file.
Panel pnl = new Panel();
pnl.Controls.Add(new TextBox());
ContentPlaceHolder cph = (ContentPlaceHolder)this.Master.FindControl("MainContent");
cph.Controls.Add(pnl);
Or alternatively:
Panel pnl2 = new Panel();
pnl2.Controls.Add(new TextBox());
ContentPlaceHolder cph = (ContentPlaceHolder)this.Master.FindControl("MainContent").Controls.Add(pnl2);
ASPX Page Code:
<asp:content id="HeaderContent" runat="server" contentplaceholderid="HeadContent" xmlns:asp="#unknown">
</asp:content>
<asp:content id="BodyContent" runat="server" contentplaceholderid="MainContent" xmlns:asp="#unknown">
<p>Page content here</p>
</asp:content>