The asterisk selects all columns in a table:
SELECT * FROM TheTable
If you are doing a JOIN between multiple tables, you can even specify which table to get columns from:
SELECT TheTable.* FROM TheTable
JOIN AnotherTable ON SomeValue = SomeOtherValue
There are also more advanced techniques, such as inspecting the system tables to see which columns a table has, then building a query as a string and executing it dynamically, but that is probably beyond what you are looking for at this time.