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OS/2 had more memory than DOS.
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On a given processor / hardware?
Or because the designers decided that less than 640 K would be enough for everybody?
OS/2 certainly didn't predate large-machine virtual memory, but am fairly convinced that it did predate widespread hardware support for virtual memory management on the x86 architecture.OS/2 was designed to run at pre-386 architectures, wasn't it? Correct me if I am wrong!
Nevertheless, an 18,000 lines driver for a PC was rather massive at that time!
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trønderen wrote: OS/2 certainly didn't predate large-machine virtual memory, but am fairly convinced that it did predate widespread hardware support for virtual memory management on the x86 architecture. OS/2 was designed to run at pre-386 architectures, wasn't it? Correct me if I am wrong!
OS/2 1.x could run on an 80286, and could run a single instance of DOS programs (non-multitasked). It had segment-level virtual memory (swapping out entire segments at a time). OS/2 2.x and later ran on 80386 and above, used the page-level virtual memory system, and could run multiple instances of DOS (multitasked).
Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.
-- 6079 Smith W.
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OS/2 Warp 3.0 and later supported a large amount of RAM in a linear, 32-bit address space. Our machines at the time had 16 to 64 MB.
The driver was large because the hardware was complex and needed to support many operations in near real-time. As a result, a lot of what you might normally think of as application functionality was implemented in the driver.
Software Zen: delete this;
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theoldfool wrote: Well, for the eggheads, there was Fortran, with overlays to disk at 10 BPF (Bytes Per Fortnight).
Makes me think of the old 1958 vintage 'GIER' machine, of Danish manufacture - already a museum item when I was a student. (It has an entry in the Norwegian Wikipedia at Wikipedia: Gier[^] but unfortunately no English version is available). This machine had an optical paper tape reader, reading 3000 characters/sec.
We were told that when this this machine were still in regular operation, it was kept as a secret by the insiders why there was a yellow tape on the floor in front of the machine, with another yellow tape line crossing it. The secret was that the cross marked where you should place the basket to catch the paper tape as it shot out of the reader.
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I didn't read that book.
But I did learn it, because Assembly still was part of the topics in college for me in 2000-2002.
That's what helped me getting good really fast at LAD in PLC programming. Not the same, but similar enough.
M.D.V. 
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
Rating helpful answers is nice, but saying thanks can be even nicer.
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When I was teaching various aspects of programming and data communication at a Tech College in the early 1990s, we saw it as essential that the programming students had at least some understanding of what happened to their programs after being compiled. So I taught a course in elementary computer architecture - the ideas of ALU functions, registers, busses, instruction and addressing formats ... No implementation technology, only those aspects relevant to the software developer.
In this course, homework assignments were x86 assembly coding. (I lost the battle to get some 68K machines to the college, which would have been a great advantage in teaching clean, non-messy architectures. But I lost.) We certainly did not intend to teach the students assembly as a viable development tool; its primary purpose was to give them a 'hands on' feeling of the implications and limitations of a processor architecture. I still believe that this is The Essential Aspect of learning assembler coding: To understand what a CPU is really like. You can take advantage of that understanding when writing high level code.
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We used 68008 for programming a self built computer. CPU, memory,EProm (UV erase), RS-232 serial port. circa 1988.
I remember one lab where they forced us to use 3 levels of subroutines where each level used a different parameter passing approach. pass by value, then by pointer, then by pointer to pointer.
From version 1 to version 20 that finally worked I might have had one op code different.
Really makes you understand and appreciate how the higher level languages work.
For example, if you do not understand pointers, then there is no way you understand Java object “references”.
68000 LEA op code is stuck in my brain forever!
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I had the second edition but lost that in a fire. I bought the third edition and still have that, and tomorrow I will have the 4th edition!
I've followed Jeff since his PC Tech Journal (Magazine) and Delphi (Pascal) days.
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I am curious:
Those of you buying/reading a book of this kind, why do you read it?
1) Because you need to understand the instruction set to create a compiler, interpreter etc. for code written in a high level language.
2) To write actual production code (that includes drivers and such) in assembly language.
3) Just because you are curious about the instruction set / architecture, but not intending to produce any production code in assembly language.
I am definitely in the third category. I do read instruction set set manuals. 13 years ago (that was the last time) I delivered a module that had to stay below 1200 bytes of code (it clocked in at 1103 bytes): Programming was done in C. I do suspect that a major fraction of those claiming to use assembler in their production code talk about a handful of instructions, written as inline assembly in C, or maybe instructions wrapped into library provided intrinsics. A few developers still deliver modules written exclusively in assembly code, but those are few and far between. I'd be surprised if there are enough of those to justify the publication of a book (and most of them wouldn't need that book anyway  ).
Yet, I welcome the books! Their authors should realize that their primary audience is not those who will create production code as assembly written modulse, but those needing to understand the nature of that animal they are trying to master through their high level language.
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Great questions.
I originally read the 1st edition because I was just learning programming and it helped me understand how the "machine" operates at it's most basic level.
Now, all these years later I've done quite a bit of Arduino programming.
And, not just "Arduino" programming but attempts to build a complete product based around a microprocessor platform.
At one point, I was building a room temperature monitor which allowed the user to see the specific temperature in any room in the house via checking a phone app which read and controlled the temperature monitor via bluetooth. You could also turn on temperature watching and it would write values to an SD card so you could discover if the room was a cold / hot zone by examining the sampled data.
At that time, the code was so large I needed to use the ATMega4809 -- which is actually the main chip on the Arduino Nano Every. That chip has more program memory than the basic ATMega328 (on basic Arduino). However, I was using the DIP version of the chip because the Nano Every was like $10 and the chip was $4. I had to learn to use Microchip studio and an ICE programmer to program the chip. Had to learn all kinds of things about the chip. But I still hadn't learned assembly on the chip and I'd like too, but there are huge gaping holes in my assembly understanding so I was hoping learning some on Linux would help me learn it on other platforms.
I also found it so fascinating that putting a voltage on a pin of an Arduino caused the chip to do some specific thing.
I like that assembly makes me think in such a different way than high level languages do and that makes me think of new things to try.
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raddevus wrote: I also found it so fascinating that putting a voltage on a pin of an Arduino caused the chip to do some specific thing.
Then don't get close to a PLC or you will flip out  
M.D.V. 
If something has a solution... Why do we have to worry about?. If it has no solution... For what reason do we have to worry about?
Help me to understand what I'm saying, and I'll explain it better to you
Rating helpful answers is nice, but saying thanks can be even nicer.
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I don’t remember the first assembly title I read, but I remember the analogy it used for memory.
——
There is a very long street with all of the mail boxes on one side. Each mailbox has an address and holds some information/data or an instruction/task.
You start by opening mailbox 0/1 which will ALWAYS contain an instruction.
…
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Being well-endowed behind a Gilly. Panic! Panic!(11)
"I have no idea what I did, but I'm taking full credit for it." - ThisOldTony
"Common sense is so rare these days, it should be classified as a super power" - Random T-shirt
AntiTwitter: @DalekDave is now a follower!
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Never heard of the word but
Callipygian
In a closed society where everybody's guilty, the only crime is getting caught. In a world of thieves, the only final sin is stupidity. - Hunter S Thompson - RIP
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You are up Monday!
I just liked having the anagram indicator word as part of the anagram as well! 
"I have no idea what I did, but I'm taking full credit for it." - ThisOldTony
"Common sense is so rare these days, it should be classified as a super power" - Random T-shirt
AntiTwitter: @DalekDave is now a follower!
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That's what gave it away - I confess to using an anagram tool
In a closed society where everybody's guilty, the only crime is getting caught. In a world of thieves, the only final sin is stupidity. - Hunter S Thompson - RIP
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I did wonder if you did: not knowing the word was a big clue! 
I had to look it up - I knew the word but couldn't spell it ... 
"I have no idea what I did, but I'm taking full credit for it." - ThisOldTony
"Common sense is so rare these days, it should be classified as a super power" - Random T-shirt
AntiTwitter: @DalekDave is now a follower!
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I'm now reading an article Callipygian see what you've started ! 
In a closed society where everybody's guilty, the only crime is getting caught. In a world of thieves, the only final sin is stupidity. - Hunter S Thompson - RIP
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and another word:
“The plinth…”
They can’t just say “base” on a fancy art site! They would have to lower the price.
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#Worldle #636 5/6 (100%)
🟩🟩🟩🟩⬜↖️
🟩🟩🟩🟩⬜➡️
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟨⬅️
🟩🟩🟩🟩⬜➡️
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🎉
https://worldle.teuteuf.fr
"A little time, a little trouble, your better day"
Badfinger
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Wordle 853 4/6
⬛⬛🟨⬛⬛
⬛⬛⬛🟨🟩
🟩⬛⬛🟩🟩
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩
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Wordle 853 4/6
⬜🟨⬜⬜🟨
⬜🟨🟨⬜⬜
⬜🟨🟨🟩⬜
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩
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Wordle 853 5/6
⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜
🟨🟨🟨⬜⬜
⬜🟨🟨🟨⬜
⬜⬜🟩🟨🟨
🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩
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