Yes, of course, and a lot, a lot more. Actually, it depends on OS. For example, with Linux, you can use full scale of Linux development tools and languages. Just look at this:
Raspberry Pi — Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[
^].
Don't you think you are asking too little? :-)
For Raspberry Pi, wonderfully available tools are readily available. A number of CodeProject members already asked questions on pretty sophisticated C# development interfacing hardware in efficient way, which comes with Raspberry-specific library. (I even helped one of them.) As you can see, Raspberry Pi Foundation promotes Python as the main language, also very powerful tool convenient for a developer; Java is available, and so on…
—SA