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That's right!! Space IS curved.
Einstein proved it with his famous prediction of the light from a distant star appearing closer to the sun than it actually was, due to the bend it sustained from the gravity of the sun (as it passed by the sun) on its way to the earth, as observed by us.
This happened during a solar eclipse when the moon was between the earth and the sun, such that only the corona of the sun could be seen.
William
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WREY wrote:
due to the bend it sustained from the gravity of the sun
As far as I know (not very far), there is a theory of duality of light, that says something to the effect that light can be both matter or energy. So, being the former, it would be attracted by gravity. But not because the space is curved.
I saw that long long time ago and I never really care a lot, so I don't remember very well.
-- LuisR
──────────────
Luis Alonso Ramos
Chihuahua, Mexico
www.luisalonsoramos.com
"Do not worry about your difficulties in mathematics, I assure you that mine are greater." -- Albert Einstein
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The "Theory of Duality" is not about light. It's about the electron and its orbit around the nucleus of the atom.
It states (in part) that the electron is BOTH "matter" and a "wave" at the SAME TIME!! Indeed, that it CANNOT exist separately at any single moment; it HAS to be BOTH. However, (and this is where you have to get the concept right) it can ONLY be viewed or determined as ONE at any one time. This means, even though the electron possesses both characteristics, you can ONLY work or study it as ONE, at any one time (NOT BOTH at the same time).
That is why you can ONLY tell one of these two things with it: As "matter" you can tell where the electron is (i.e., its "position"), OR as a "wave", how fast it is moving, but not both things AT THE SAME TIME.
This was the postulate of the German physicist, Werner Karl Heisenberg, based on the postulates of the Danish physicist, Niels Bohr, that
First Postulate (on stationary states): In the atom there are orbits in which an orbiting electron does not radiate.
Second Postulate (on quantum jumps): Radiation only occurs when an electron jumps from one stationary orbit to another.
Heisenberg tried to explain the Bohr's postulate by stating that the motion of the atomic electron cannot be pictured as the motion of a small ball along a trajectory. One simply cannot follow its motion as closely as one would follow the motion of a billard ball, and to do so, one would be seeking answers from asking the wrong questions which would yield WRONG answers.
Heisenberg contended that to obtain the correct answers to those questions, we must ask the sort of questions that "describe motion in the atom." This means, formulate an equation that mathematically asks the question.
Up until that time, everyone had been using the equations of electrodynamics to find the hypothetical trajectory x(t) of an electron in the atom, a trajectory that would have a continuous dependency on time, and could be expressed as the series of numbers x1, x2, x3, ... -- the positions of the electron at t1, t2, t3, ..., respectively.
Heisenberg held that there was no such trajectory in the atom, and that instead of a continuous curve x(t) there was a set of discrete numbers x(nk), where n and k are the numbers of the initial and final states of the electron, hence, a matrix.
These are the stuff of Quantum Mechanics.
William
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Damn...imagine the responses for something more complex than scrolling text...
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The "theory of duality" IS about light.
E=mc² says that energy has matter.
G. Steudtel
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Quoting the famous equation does not put the subject in the proper context of "duality" because there is no duality there; energy IS matter, and matter IS energy. The equation does not speak of duality. It speaks of "sameness".
Duality speaks of the two states of the electron in the atom: either its speed can be noted, OR its position can be noted (meaning, which orbit it occupies), but NOT BOTH at the SAME time. This being ironic since the electron inherently possesses BOTH characteristics. That is "duality" (the same element but with a kind of dual personality, of which only one can be noted at a time, but NOT BOTH at the same time).
William
Fortes in fide et opere!
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".......there; energy IS matter, and matter IS energy. The equation...."
-The 'energy IS matter' statement can never be correct since
in the 3rd dimension energy comes from heat, but in the 4th
dimension energy is all. So energy isn't always matter
because you can't see a magnetic wave or sound wave, those are
also part of energy or electricity.
HELLO!
And BTW, your label control is brilliant!
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I don't know which dimension you're in, but if it's the '3rd', let's begin with:
E = mc²
Energy is equal to matter times the speed of light squared. If you think the equation is right, then clearly you can see that matter is an integral part of Energy. IOW, you cannot have Energy without matter as you cannot have matter without Energy.
If you think the equation is wrong, then let's see the correct one, and let's hear why you think Einstein and the thousands of other physicists (like him) who have subjected the equation to all sorts of rigorous test, are wrong!! Show us what you know for a fact is the correct one.
For you to say that, "energy isn't always matter," sounds like you're saying that, "sometimes Energy is matter, and at other times Energy isn't matter." That sounds to me like you're saying, "energy is a variable" (that sometimes it's one thing, but at other times it's something else). If that's the case, then Einstein's equation is wrong, because at one time:
E = mc²
would be right, and at other times, the equation would be:
Ev = mc²
would be right (showing Energy as a variable), which means we'd have two distinct 'Energies' (one for when it's matter, and the other for when it's NOT matter). Now all of a sudden, the Universe is comprised of two different kinds of 'Energies'.
So let me ask you, "Which one of these is the one that produces heat?"
"And where does that energy (the one that produces heat) gets its energy to produce heat?"
Would that be from itself? Like the sun?
That couldn't be right, because the sun is made up of gravitational matter so dense, you would not be able to move or pick up a piece of it the size of a button!!
So which would be coming from the sun? Heat? or Energy?
That would have to be energy, because (according to you) heat is what comes from energy, and now we are left with energy coming from heavy gravitational matter. WOW!!!
Are you sure you're living in the 3rd dimension? HELLO!!!
William
Fortes in fide et opere!
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Equation E=mc² does not say energy is or has matter and vice versa. It says only that some amount of energy can be transformed to some amount of matter and vice versa. This has been prooven in both directions.
Somebody mentioned here that duality means you can measure speed or position but not both, this is however called principle of uncertainty and has nothing to do with duality of light. Even more it is not about speed and about light at all.
Duality of light was about treating light sometimes like beam of photon particles and sometimes like electromagnetic waves, but since days of theory of quantum electrodynamics, which describes exactly all properties and interactions of light and matter except nuclear decay, this principle of duality is no more valid.
Einstein says, and until now he is still according all known facts correct, that no object in our universe which is composed from matter can travel at speed of light. This implies directly that LIGHT HAS NO MATTER therefore it cannot be affected by gravitational force and that finally means THE SPACE IS CURVED.
This is how it works in our 4-dimensional timespace. May be there are other dimensions we cannot see and general relativity can be even more generalized, but that is out of scope of this discussion.
I apologize for bad English, my native language is Czech.
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lol wow, i enjoyed reading all of these  they wasted some time at work and I LEARNED SOMETHING i can't wait till i can quote that the electron is both energy and a wave. should be good to make me look like one of those people who have too much free time and would actually know something like that... anyway good code anyway since we have gotten a bit off topic
Bill
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5... for being such a geek. You rock.
My code isn't buggy. Those are all fleatures.
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In this case the sun would have to be right behind the viewers eyes and weigh many many many many ... many many many tons  .
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I've been wanting to write one of these for a few year now. You've saved me a job. Good work and thanks.
Michael
Look, try and use your intelligence, man, even if you are a politician. - The Doctor
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cool, cool, you're a creative guy...
Regards
Stefan
When I was young my mother told me to clean up my room, I told her -1!
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This is a Real Beauty
Great Man
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Great stuff!!! I rated this article 5 because it won't let me rate it any higher - this is very cool! Thanks for sharing!
/ravi
Let's put "civil" back into "civilization"
http://www.ravib.com
ravib@ravib.com
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